Yellow Fever Vaccines

Yellow Fever Vaccine Availability 2025

Effective yellow fever (YF) vaccines are available in the Caribbean, Europe, South America, the United States, and the United Kingdom in August 2025. YF vaccines have been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for decades. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Yellow Book 2026, yellow fever vaccination is recommended for people aged nine months or older who are traveling to or living in areas at risk for the yellow fever virus. The WHO, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the CDC state that a single yellow fever vaccination can provide protection and promote sustained immunity to yellow fever in approximately 90% of people vaccinated. The 17D yellow fever vaccine was approved for human use in 1938 and in Europe in 2006.

Yellow Fever Vaccines 2025

According to a study in Nature, approximately 850 million 17D vaccine doses have been distributed since authorization. As of 2025, yellow fever vaccination appointments are offered at travel clinics and pharmacies in the United States. In 2023, nearly 62 million individuals received vaccinations under the WHO Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) strategy. The yellow fever vaccine stockpile is an emergency reserve of six million doses, funded by GAVI and managed by the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision. 

YF-VAX® vaccine is licensed in the U.S. (BL 103915) and available at certified travel vaccine clinics and pharmacies.

Stamaril® vaccine is available internationally in about 40 countries.

Sanofi's vYF-247 vaccine candidate showed optimal viremia, safety, and immunogenicity in a first-in-human phase clinical trial and was chosen for subsequent development. vYF-247 was cloned from YF-VAX and adapted for growth in serum-free Vero cells.

Bio-Manguinhos Yellow fever vaccine - The National Immunization Program offers the yellow fever vaccine in Brazil.

The Institut Pasteur Yellow fever vaccine is produced at the Institut Pasteur in Dakar. The WHO approved the laboratory to supply the yellow fever vaccine to the Expanded Programs on Immunization in Africa.

Chumakov Institute Yellow Fever Vaccine. The Chumakov Center is a research organization specializing in medical virology. The vaccine is a freeze-dried virus-containing suspension of specific pathogen-free chick embryo tissues infected with attenuated Yellow Fever virus, strain 17D. 

RegaVax is a vaccine candidate that utilizes the genetic code of the yellow fever vaccine virus as a carrier (or vector) for the coronavirus's genetic code.

Najít Technologies' Vax-002 YFV is a Novel Inactivated Yellow Fever vaccine candidate, conducting phase clinical research with the NIH. The study evaluated the administration of 1 mg of CG and 5 mg of DOD intramuscularly.

SII YFV, containing the 17D-213 vaccine strain, has been developed in India. A Phase I study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity in healthy adult volunteers. This YFV was found to be safe and immunogenic when administered by IM and SC routes. 

Yellow Fever Vaccine Boosters

The U.S. CDC states that a yellow fever vaccine booster dose is not necessary. In Brazil, the standard presentation should include an additional dose for individuals who received the fractional dose of the yellow fever vaccine in 2018 and who will travel to areas with proven virus circulation in 2025.

The Lancet Global Health published results from a systematic review and meta-analysis in January 2024, focusing on determining long-term immunity following yellow fever vaccination. The evidence suggests that a single dose of yellow fever vaccination provides lifelong protection for travelers. However, in people living with HIV and children (younger than two years), booster doses might still be required because lower proportions of vaccinees were seroprotected ten or more years post-vaccination. Pooled seroprotection rates were 94% (95% CI, 86–99%) among healthy adults in a non-endemic setting (mostly travelers) and 76% (65–85%) in an endemic setting (all Brazilian studies). The pooled seroprotection rate was 47% (35–60) in children (aged 9–23 months at the time of vaccination) and 61% (38–82) in people living with HIV. 

Yellow Fever Vaccine Fractional Dosage

On February 19, 2025, the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) published an Original Article that concluded that a yellow fever vaccination dose as low as 500 IU was non-inferior to the standard dose of 13,803 IU for producing seroconversion within 28 days. The Lancet Infectious Diseases published an Opinion on April 28, 2023, stating that fractional dose yellow vaccination in an emergency or reactive mass vaccination campaign has become essential for stretching the limited vaccine stockpile over a much larger population. The Lancet published results from a clinical study in January 2021 (updated Feb. 2022, concluding, 'Fractional doses of all WHO-prequalified yellow fever vaccines were non-inferior to the standard dose in inducing seroconversion 28 days after vaccination, with no major safety concerns. These results support using fractional dosage in the general adult population for outbreak response in a vaccine shortage.' The WHO's initial position on fractional yellow fever vaccine was set out in the 2013 WHO position paper.

Yellow Fever Vaccine Breakthrough Cases

In January 2025, researchers reviewed 19 papers documenting breakthrough yellow fever infections between 1944 and 2023. There were up to 7,793 suspected and up to 773 confirmed breakthrough cases reported in the literature, including 13 cohort studies, 4 case reports, and 2 case series, which we summarize, evaluate, and identify approaches used, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The YF virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus. The virus is transmitted to people via the bite of an infected mosquito.

Yellow Fever Vaccination Card

The International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), also known as the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), is required to enter certain countries. For example, in the U.S., vaccinated individuals receive an ICVP to prove they have recently received the YF vaccination, according to the WHO. Additionally, ICVP requirements are outlined in the WHO's Country List. The U.K.'s National Health Service (NHS) updated yellow fever vaccination requirements for specific countries in 2025, and requirements are available on the CDC Travelers' Health webpage. 

Yellow Fever Vaccine Price

The CDC's Vaccines for Children Program provides vaccines at no cost to eligible individuals. Additionally, UNICEF publishes vaccine prices for children. Sanofi's Patient Connection® offers various vaccine price savings. Additionally, Sanofi offers live support specialists at (800) 633-1610 to address patients' questions.

Yellow Fever Travel Advisories

The U.S. CDC, the WHO, and the U.K. Travel Health Advice recently issued yellow fever Travel Advisories. As of June 2025, news about yellow fever outbreaks in the Americas and Africa is posted on Vax-Before-Travel. A total of 13 countries in the WHO African Region have documented probable and confirmed cases of yellow fever, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, South Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.