Typhoid Vaccines

Typhoid Vaccines

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends typhoid conjugate vaccination (TCV) for individuals traveling to areas where typhoid fever is prevalent, such as South Asia, particularly India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. As of 2025, the CDC says typhoid vaccines are not 100% effective. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended in 2018 that the TCV is safe and effective. The WHO recommends three types of typhoid vaccines.

Typhoid Vaccine Efficacy

The October 2024 edition of the International Journal of Infectious Diseases published the findings from a study that calculated a 95.8% seroconversion rate after a single dose of TCV, and the decay in anti-Vi IgG titers at four years was approximately 75.6%, with 25.4% remaining seroconverted. Breakthrough infections were documented after a median of 3.4 years after vaccination. A study published in October 2024 concluded that a booster dose of TCV around the time of school entry might be needed for children vaccinated before the age of two to sustain protection against typhoid fever during the school years, when the risk is highest. The Lancet published a study in January 2024 that concluded a phase 3 randomized controlled clinical trial, also published in The Lancet, found that one dose of the conjugate typhoid vaccine had an estimated efficacy of 78.3% in children aged nine months to 12 years and remained strong over four years.

Typhoid Vaccine Types

There are three types of TCV: an injectable TCV, consisting of Vi polysaccharide antigen linked to a carrier protein licensed for children from 6 months of age and adults up to 45 years or 65 years of age; an injectable unconjugated polysaccharide vaccine based on the purified Vi antigen (known as Vi-PS vaccine); and an oral live attenuated Ty21a vaccine in capsule formulation for those over six years of age. In the United States, two typhoid fever vaccines are available - oral and Injectable.

Typhoid Vaccines Authorized

Two typhoid fever vaccines are available in the United States, and the WHO currently recommends three vaccines for controlling endemic and epidemic typhoid fever.

Bharat Biotech International's Typbar TCV is a vaccine containing polysaccharides of Salmonella typhi Ty2 conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid.

Sanofi Pasteur's Typhim VI is a sterile solution prepared from the purified polysaccharide capsule of Salmonella typhi (Ty 2 strain). 

Emergent BioSolutions' Vivotif oral vaccine is indicated for immunization of adults and children over six years of age against disease caused by Salmonella Typhi.

SK bioscience SKYTyphoid™ is a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine developed by conjugating the polysaccharide of typhoid bacteria, which acts as the antigen, to the diphtheria toxin protein (diphtheria toxoid), which acts as a carrier. SKYTyphoid achieved WHO qualification in 2024.

Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium

The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC) is a partnership between the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, the Oxford Vaccine Group at the University of Oxford, and PATH, an international nonprofit organization. TyVAC aims to accelerate the introduction of new TCVs as part of an integrated approach to reduce the burden of typhoid in countries eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funds the TyVAC.

Typhoid Fever Vaccine News

September 3, 2025 - The Lancet published an article that concluded: Vaccination, along with water, sanitation, and hygiene measures, is a cornerstone of typhoid prevention.

February 23, 2024 - SK bioscience and IVI announced that SKYTyphoid, a third TCV, also achieved WHO PQ, which could increase the global supply.

May 12, 2023 - Malawi has launched a nationwide rollout of the newest typhoid vaccine for children under 15 years of age.

September 1, 2022 - The Lancet Global Health published a study titled " Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double-blind, randomized controlled trial". Interpretation - This study provides evidence of TCV safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity up to 730–1035 days in Malawian children aged 9 months to 1 year.

September 16, 2021 - Study results: Typhoid conjugate vaccines are highly effective in African children. Children who received TCV were 84% less likely to contract typhoid during that period.

July 29, 2022 - Review of the Recent Advances in Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead.