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Brazil's Ministry of Health (MOH) has been reporting data on the locations of Chikungunya patients for the past three years.
As of March 11, 2025, the MOH reported that most of the 40,000 Chikungunya cases reported this year were found in Sao Paulo (5,714) and Minus Gerias (5,120).
Last year, there were about 265,000 Chikungunya cases and 231 related fatalities in Brazil, located in similar states.
The Chikungunya virus is transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito of the Aedes spp., which are found at beaches and in mountains below seven thousand feet in elevation.
While the U.S. CDC has not issued a Travel Health Advisory regarding Brazil's ongoing Chikungunya outbreak, it writes, 'There has been evidence of chikungunya virus transmission in Brazil within the last five years.'
Chikungunya vaccination may be considered for seniors, especially those with underlying medical conditions, who may spend at least two weeks (cumulative time) in indoor or outdoor areas where mosquitoes are present in Brazil, or visitors planning to stay in Brazil for a cumulative period of six months or more.
Before departing for Brazil, most travel clinics and pharmacies in the United States offer the U.S. FDA-approved chikungunya vaccine. Valneva SE's IXCHIQ® vaccine has been found safe and effective in various studies.
While the Kingdom of Morocco is not listed in the U.S. CDC's recent Global Measles Health Advisory, it has been experiencing a significant measles outbreak since late 2023.
According to media reports citing official sources, about 3,600 measles cases and five deaths have been reported in 2025. Since Morocco's outbreak began, there have been about 20,000 cases.
Amine Tahraoui, the Ministry of Health, says the reasons for the increase in measles cases are unknown.
On February 6, 2025, the Minister reviewed the disease status in Morocco and the strategy adopted to combat it. He stated that his department has implemented a multi-faceted plan to curb the spread of measles.
He specified that this plan includes extending the national vaccination campaign and catching up on missed vaccinations, which has enabled the verification of the vaccination status of more than 8.88 million children.
The Moroccan Ministry of Health also extended the vaccination campaign until March 28, 2025, to ensure everyone (37 million residents) can access essential vaccines.
The CDC recommends that all international travelers visiting Morocco be fully vaccinated against measles with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, including an early dose for infants.
In addition to the MMR, the CDC recommends various routine and travel vaccines before visiting Morocco in 2025. These vaccines are generally offered in the United States at travel clinics and pharmacies.
The Ministry of Health for the State of São Paulo recently confirmed its first patient infected with Mpox Clade 1b. The infection was confirmed in early March 2025 in an adult woman in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.
According to the media statement of March 10, 2025, she is expected to be discharged next week.
The patient had not traveled to outbreak areas in Africa but had contact with individuals from the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the virus is endemic.
"No secondary cases have been identified as yet. The municipal surveillance team is keeping track of possible contacts," the Ministry's Edjalma Borg statement reads.
Mpox has been considered endemic in Africa since the 1970s.
In May 2022, Mpox Clade 2 cases were detected in numerous countries, including the United States. Since July 2024, cases of Clade 1b have been identified in several countries, such as England.
According to various studies, Mpox vaccinations help prevent severe disease.
With the U.S. CDC reissuing a Global Measles Travel Advisory for 57 countries in February 2025, public health leaders are concerned that unvaccinated travelers may bring this highly infectious disease into Texas schools.
Following the city’s first confirmed measles cases since 2018, Houston Public Health issued an alert in February 2025, encouraging everyone to ensure their protection, and launched vaccination campaigns.
A real-time example of this risk is the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, which welcomes tens of thousands of out-of-town visitors to Texas daily. This family-friendly event enhances the lives of young people each March, but it could become a disease hot spot for unvaccinated children.
Houston Public Media recently reported that a few private schools in the Houston area are among the Texas institutions with the lowest measles vaccination rates, according to data compiled by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS).
Immunization data from more than 1,600 surveyed public and private schools in Texas shows that 50% or fewer kindergarteners in some private schools in Harris and Montgomery counties were vaccinated for measles during the 2023-24 school year.
As of March 7, 2025, Houston Public Media found that about 36% of kindergarteners at the Acton Leadership Academy of Magnolia were vaccinated for measles in 2023-24.
Acton Leadership Academy of Creekside, located in Spring, also had a 50% measles vaccination rate in its kindergarten class.
Positive data exists across the state: About 92% of kindergarteners at 1,680 surveyed Texas public and private schools were immunized for measles during the 2023-24 school year.
However, in Texas, vaccination exemptions are approved for two reasons: if a physician states the vaccine could pose a health risk to the student, or if the student’s parents have a religious or personal belief that opposes getting vaccinated.
As of March 11, 2025, DSHS and the CDC encourage most people to get two doses of the MMR vaccine, which are generally available at health clinics and pharmacies throughout Texas.
Located on Brazil's northern coast, Marajó Island has been reporting yellow fever outbreaks for two decades. Recently, a severe outbreak has been confirmed.
As of March 7, 2025, Brazil's Ministry of Health confirmed 37 cases and five related deaths from the mosquito-transmitted yellow fever disease in the Belém area of Pará this year.
This area has about 500,000 residents and welcomes thousands of eco-friendly tourists annually.
Yellow fever is an acute infectious febrile disease that can be prevented with a vaccine. It progresses rapidly and has variable severity, and in its most severe forms, it can be fatal.
Locally acquired YF cases are seldom reported in the United States, but travel-related cases were reported in 2024.
Vaccination has been the primary prevention strategy in Brazil since 2014. Currently, yellow fever (YF) vaccination coverage is 72.6%.
YF vaccines are free of charge to the entire population. Since April 2017, Brazil has adopted a single-dose regimen throughout life, following the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations.
The Ministry of Health sent 442,400 doses to Pará in 2025 alone to reinforce YF immunization.
The WHO, U.S. CDC, and Brazil have issued vaccination requirements to enter various countries in the Region of the Americas. YF vaccination services are offered at certified travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S.
A recent change has been reported in the Republic of Paraguay's multi-year Dengue virus outbreak. Over the past 37 years, all four Dengue serotypes of the mosquito-transmitted virus have been recorded.
Recently, DENV-1 and 2 have been identified as the sources of Parauay's outbreaks.
However, as of March 2025, DENV-3 reappeared in the country after almost a decade of absence.
According to the recent weekly report of Health Surveillance, the first two cases of DENV-3 have been confirmed in Paraguay. This finding concerns public health as DENV-3 has been reported to be more infectious than the other subtypes.
Paraguay has been considered a Dengue endemic country by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) since 2009, meaning that the virus circulates throughout the year, with peaks generally occurring between March and April and a decline in May.
Following a record-setting 2024, Paraguay has already reported 7,487 Dengue cases in 2025.
To notify international travelers of this health risk, the U.S. CDC recently updated a Global Travel Health Advisory and identified more than expected Dengue cases among travelers returning to the U.S., such as in Florida.
In 2024, about 1 million travelers visited Paraguay.
According to the PAHO, Dengue is a vaccine-preventable disease. Approved vaccines are available in various countries but not the United States.
With about 90% of the world's malaria cases reported in Africa, one country is taking action to curtail the impact of this mosquito-transmitted disease.
On March 7, 2025, Uganda's Minister of Health, Hon. Dr Jane Ruth Aceng Ocero, approved the distribution of 2.278 million doses of malaria vaccines to 105 districts. This effort is a significant milestone in the country's fight against malaria.
Malaria remains the leading cause of illness and death of young children in Uganda. The malaria vaccine will be introduced into the routine immunisation schedule in April 2025, targeting children below two years old.
Speaking at the flag-off event, Dr Aceng emphasised in a press release the government's commitment to strengthening disease prevention efforts and building resilient health systems." Introducing the malaria vaccine in Uganda is a historic step forward in our fight against this deadly disease."
"With the support of Gavi, UNICEF and other partners, we are ensuring that every eligible child has access to this life-saving intervention," the Minister stated.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends malaria vaccinations to prevent P. falciparum malaria in children living in malaria-endemic areas. As of March 10, 2025, the WHO and the African CDC recommend Mosquirix™ and R21 / Matrix-M™ vaccines for travelers visiting malaria-endemic countries.
Currently, malaria vaccines are not offered in the United States.
