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Vax-Before-Travel Vaccines

Vax-Before-Travel Vaccines December 2025

Over the past few decades, viruses transmitted by mosquitoes have spread rapidly worldwide, resulting in significant disease outbreaks in previously unexposed populations. Recent research indicates that millions are not adequately immunized against diseases before visiting endemic countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that one infectious person on an airplane can transform a local disease outbreak into a global pandemic. The WHO publishes selected trends in vaccine-preventable diseases and an extensive list of recommended vaccinations.

However, several travel vaccines are available to prevent diseases. As of December 2025, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that getting vaccinated against infectious diseases is one of the most effective ways to protect your health while traveling abroad. The CDC's Yellow Book: Health Information for International Travel, Edition 2026, recommends administering most travel vaccines at least one month before departure to ensure maximum protection. The CDC lists various vaccine recommendations.

Vaccine appointments are available commercially at certified clinics and travel pharmacies in the U.S. Additionally, pre- and post-travel virus testing services are offered at this link. Additionally, the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Vaccine Scheduler enables comparisons of vaccination schedules between two European countries, by disease across all countries, or within a selected group of countries.

Travel Vaccine Advisories

The U.S. CDC, the U.K. Travel Health Pro, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the ECDC publish Travel Health Advisories and Assessments, including guidance for cruise ships, enabling international travelers to confirm vaccine recommendations by country. The U.S. Department of State publishes Travel Advisories, and U.S. embassies issue local travel health security notices. Seperately, Travel vaccine certificates and passport information have also been updated.

Anthrax Vaccines

CYFENDUS ™ (AV7909, BioThrax®), a two-dose anthrax vaccine for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, was approved on July 20, 2023.

Avian Influenza Vaccines

Audenz™ is a monovalent, adjuvanted, cell-based, inactivated subunit vaccine approved by the U.S. FDA. Various pandemic influenza vaccines have also been approved in Europe and the U.K.

Chikungunya Vaccines

As of 2025, chikungunya is a vaccine-preventable disease. The U.S. FDA-approved chikungunya vaccines include IXCHIQ® and VIMKUNYA®.

Cholera Vaccine

Cholera vaccine availability improved in the U.S. in late 2024 and is expected to be readily available in 2025. WHO-prequalified oral cholera vaccines, including Dukoral®, Shanchol™, and Euvichol®, are available for international travelers. Administration instructions differ for children aged 2–5 years versus people aged 6 years and older. Follow the package insert instructions for additional recommendations.

Vaxchora is an oral cholera vaccine for active immunization against the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1.

DUKORAL ® is available in Europe, the U.K., and various other countries.

Dengue Vaccines

As of 2025, various countries have approved QDENGA®, a tetravalent dengue vaccine, and in December 2025, Brazil approved the single-dose Butantan-DV dengue vaccine. Several dengue vaccine candidates are conducting late-stage studies in 2025. The the first-generation Dengvaxia vaccine remains available in Puerto Rico.

Diphtheria Vaccines

The U.S. CDC advises that travelers 2 months and older traveling to outbreak areas should receive an age-appropriate dose of a diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine if they are not fully vaccinated or have not received a booster dose within the past 5 years before departure. In 2024, 11 vaccines will be available to help protect against diphtheria.

Ebola Vaccines

Ebola outbreaks in Africa began in 1976 and continued in 2024. Zaire Ebolavirus vaccines are only available in limited supply outside Africa.

Ervebo (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live) is a recombinant, replication-competent vaccine for Ebola Zaire.

Zabdeno (Ad26.ZEBOV) and Mvabea (MVA-BN-Filo) are Ebola vaccine therapies.

Ebanga™ (mAb114, Ansuvimab-zykl) is a human monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus infections.

Sudan Ebolavirus vaccines are being developed in clinical trials.

Influenza Vaccines

Flu shots are recommended for international travel in areas where the influenza virus is prevalent.

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines

JENVAC is a single-dose inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. This Vero cell-derived vaccine is prepared from the virus's Indian strain (Kolar- 821564XYs).

Ixiaro is an inactivated, adsorbed vaccine derived from Vero cell culture that targets the Japanese encephalitis virus. It is prepared by propagating the JEV strain SA14-14-2 in Vero cells. For children aged 2 months to 17 years, the primary series consists of two intramuscular doses administered 28 days apart (doses may be given at 7-day intervals in travelers aged 18 years or older). The last dose of IXIARO should be administered at least 1 week before travel.

Lassa Fever Vaccine

Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic fever without an approved vaccine in 2025.

Lyme Disease Vaccines

Lyme disease vaccine candidates are conducting late-stage clinical studies. Valneva's VLA15 is a multivalent recombinant protein vaccine candidate.

Malaria Vaccines

Malaria outbreaks continue in 2025, and vaccines are available in Africa but not in the U.S. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) could prevent malaria.

Mosquirix (RTS,S/AS01e) is a recombinant vaccine that triggers the immune system to defend against the first stages of infections when the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite enters the human host's bloodstream through a mosquito bite.

R21/Matrix-M™ Malaria vaccine is produced by the Serum Institute of India and developed by scientists at the University of Oxford in England.

Marburg Disease Vaccines

Marburg vaccine candidates are conducting clinical trials, and various Marburg disease outbreaks have been reported in 2025.

Measles Vaccines

Measles outbreaks continue in 2025, including in U.S. cities such as those in Texas. Various measles vaccines are available at pharmacies.

Meningococcal Disease Vaccines

The U.S. CDC lists various Meningococcal Disease vaccines, such as Bexsero® (MenB-4C).

MERS Vaccine

As of 2025, no approved MERS-CoV vaccine exists, but cases continue to be reported in the Middle East. The VTP-500 vaccine candidate completed Phase I clinical trials in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. The University of Oxford conducted a Phase Ib trial in the U.K. to assess the vaccination of older adults.

Norovirus Vaccine

As of 2025, the U.S. FDA has not approved a norovirus vaccine candidate; however, Moderna's vaccine is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials. The Nova 301 Phase 3 study, evaluating the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of mRNA-1403 in adults, is expected to be completed in 2027.

Mpox Vaccines

The JYNNEOS smallpox-mpox vaccine is commercially available in the U.S., Africa, and numerous other countries.

Nipah Virus Vaccines

Nipah virus vaccine candidates are continuing in Phase 1 clinical trials in 2023. Since 1999, Nipah outbreaks have occurred in Asia, including Bangladesh and India.

Oropouche Virus Vaccine

As of July 17, 2025, no vaccine is available to prevent Oropouche, and no medicines are available to treat infections. In 2025, commercial testing services will become available in the United States.

Plague Vaccine

The WHO-Plague Vaccines in Preclinical Development and Clinical Trials was published in 2023. The primary outcomes assessed were efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The study concluded that a single-dose F1-based mRNA-LNP vaccine is effective in protecting against the lethal plague bacterium.

Polio Vaccines

Polio vaccination, including booster shots, is recommended when visiting polio-endemic countries. Infants and children should complete as much of the recommended, age-appropriate polio vaccine series as possible before departure.

IPOL is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1), and Type 3 (Saukett). Sanofi Pasteur's single-antigen IPOL vaccine is a highly purified, inactivated poliovirus vaccine with enhanced potency.

Sabin Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine is a liquid trivalent vaccine produced from Sabin poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3 strains grown on Vero cells.

nOPV2 polio vaccine is derived from the live, infectious virus, but it has been 'triple-locked using genetic engineering to prevent it from becoming harmful. nOPV2 is genetically more stable than existing OPVs.

Rabies Vaccines

Various rabies vaccines and candidates seek to reduce rabies mortality in 2025. The number of recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis doses was decreased in 2021 from 3 to 2, administered with an interval of at least 7 days.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

RMSF is endemic in multiple border states in northern Mexico, including Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo León. As of December 2023, no approved vaccine for RMSFine exists. However, the CDC says early treatment with doxycycline saves lives.

Rotavirus Vaccines

Since 2019, the WHO has prequalified four rotavirus vaccines. GSK's Rotarix is a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine that exposes your child to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease.

Tickborne Encephalitis Vaccine

TicoVac vaccine is marketed by Pfizer Inc. under the brand names FSME-Immun® in Europe and TICOVAC™ in the U.S. It was developed using a master 'seed' virus similar to the Tickborne encephalitis virus found in nature. The TBE vaccine is approved for individuals aged 1 year and older. It is recommended for use among people traveling to or moving to a TBE-endemic area who will have extensive tick exposure, based on their planned outdoor activities and itinerary.

Tuberculosis Vaccine

The U.S. CDC recommends the BCG vaccine to help prevent tuberculosis and to provide nonspecific protective effects, such as against bladder cancer. Various versions of the BCG vaccine are available globally in 2025.

Typhoid Vaccine

Typhoid vaccines are available in 2023 and are recommended for people traveling to places where typhoid fever is common, such as South Asia (India). Capsules should be swallowed whole and taken ≥2 hours after eating or drinking and 1 hour before subsequent eating or drinking. All four capsules should be taken at least 1 week before potential exposure. A booster dose of Ty21a should be taken every 5 years, if indicated.

Vivotif oral vaccine (capsules) is indicated for the immunization of adults and children over six years of age against the disease caused by Salmonella Typhi. It contains live bacteria called Salmonella typhi strain Ty21a, which does not cause typhoid fever. Bavarian Nordic A/S owns Vivotif Oral and is available in the U.S.

Typbar TCV is a vaccine containing the polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi Ty2 conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid.

Typhim VI is a sterile solution prepared from the purified polysaccharide capsule of Salmonella typhi (Ty 2 strain).

Urinary Track Infection Vaccine and Treatments

Uromune™, an inactivated oral spray vaccine for Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), was approved in various countries in 2025.

Pivya™ antibacterial tablet is approved for female adults with uncomplicated UTIs in Europe.

Yellow Fever Vaccines

The WHO publishes yellow fever vaccination requirements for entry into certain countries. Outbreaks have been confirmed in 2025. The yellow fever vaccine is contraindicated in infants <6 months of age and should be administered to children 6–8 months of age after careful consideration of risk at destination and the ability of caregivers to prevent mosquito bites.

YF-VAX® vaccine is licensed in the U.S. and takes about 10 days to achieve maximum immunity.

Stamaril® is distributed in over 70 countries in 2024, but not in the U.S.

Zika Virus Vaccines

While Zika virus outbreaks continue primarily in India and the Region of the Americas in 2025, no approved Zika vaccine is currently available.

Note: This content is aggregated from various news sources and vaccine research organizations and has been fact-checked by healthcare professionals, including Dr. Robert Carlson.

10 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Friday, December 19, 2025 - 11:40

Description:

Yellow fever, Zika, polio, malaria, measles, Lyme, cholera, chikungunya, and dengue disease vaccinations in 2025.

Herpes Vaccine Candidates

Herpes Vaccines December 2025

Developing protective vaccines against the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been a longstanding challenge in clinical trials. Current herpes vaccine candidates are based on DNA, modified mRNA, subunit, killed-virus, and attenuated-live-virus technologies. As of December 11, 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, and the United Kingdom had not authorized preventive or therapeutic vaccines for herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) or 2 (HSV-2).

The World Health Organization (WHO) published its preferred product characteristics for Alpha (α)-herpesviruses vaccines and updated its pipeline review in late 2024. In coordination with its Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections for 2022-2030, the WHO works to increase awareness about genital herpes infections and related symptoms. The WHO, the U.S. National Instuties of Health (NIH), and global partners launched STI Watch, a portal containing updated information on vaccine development status. Both preventive and therapeutic HSV vaccines are being explored.

A study published in July 2024 showed that the economic costs of genital herpes infections amount to an estimated $35 billion a year worldwide through healthcare expenditures and productivity loss. To confirm HSV infections, commercial labs offer confidential testing services in 2025.

As of 2025, herpes vaccine candidates conducting clinical trials include:

Assembly Biosciences ABI-5366 is an advanced helicase primase inhibitor targeting Healthy Participants and Participants Seropositive for HSV-2 With Recurrent Genital Herpes. The Phase 1a/1b clinical trial (NCT06385327, ABI-5366-101) found that ABI-5366 was well-tolerated and presented a pharmacological profile supporting potential once-weekly or even once-monthly dosing.

mRNA-1608 is an mRNA vaccine candidate against HSV-2 disease. The mRNA-1608-P101 Phase 1 study was launched on September 6, 2023, and is expected to be completed on June 4, 2025. With mRNA-1608, Moderna Inc. aims to induce a strong antibody response with neutralizing and effector functionality combined with cell-mediated immunity—Independent Study: An mRNA vaccine to prevent genital herpes.

BNT163 is an mRNA-based HSV vaccine candidate that encodes three HSV-2 glycoproteins. These glycoproteins help prevent HSV from entering and spreading within cells and counteract HSV's immunosuppressive properties.

RatioVaccines' VC2 vaccine candidate is a live-attenuated vaccine targeting facial, ocular, and genital herpes caused by HSV-1 and may also protect against genital herpes caused by HSV-2. On October 13, 2023, Rational Vaccines was awarded $2.8 million by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. In 2018, a study conducted at Louisiana State University, Brent Stanfield and colleagues examined the immune response generated by the intramuscular injection of the VC2 vaccine in guinea pigs.

Delta gD-2 (∆gD-2) is a vaccine candidate based on an HSV-2 virus genetically deleting glycoprotein D (gD-2).

HSV529 (HSV15) is a vaccine candidate classified as replication-defective. This means the virus possesses all components of the wild-type HSV, except for two proteins, UL5 and UL29, which are involved in viral DNA replication. Sanofi Pasteur and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases last updated this phase 1/2 study on January 13, 2021.

EXD-12 is a vaccine candidate currently tested for safety and efficacy as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2).

NanoVax is an adjuvant platform to develop a vaccine candidate to protect against the two viruses that can cause genital herpes.

RVx201 is a live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine candidate conducting an observational clinical study, RVx-001-PSS, in England. It is designed to achieve a specific degree of attenuation through mutations engineered into the ICP0 protein.

Shanghai BD Gene is conducting a phase 1/2 clinical study in humans. It is the only gene-editing technology for Cas9 mRNA delivery by lentivirus.

Assembly Biosciences, Inc. announced data from development candidate ABI-5366, a long-acting HSV helicase inhibitor targeting high-recurrence genital herpes.

A research study published on May 28, 2024, highlights the potential of an effective combination therapy using the two monoclonal anti-gB IgGs (HDIT101 and HDIT102) for the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV infections.

GSK plc announced on September 11, 2024, that it had completed the primary objective data analysis from the phase II part of the TH HSV REC-003 trial for GSK3943104, a therapeutic HSV vaccine candidate. The results show that GSK3943104 did not meet the study's primary efficacy objective. Therefore, this vaccine candidate will not progress to phase III studies.

Herpes Vaccine Candidate Clinical Trials

When developing herpes vaccines, participants are selected for clinical trials in phases 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each development phase is essential. Herpes Cure Advocacy launched Herpes Cure Pipeline 2.0 in March 2022, which tracks the timelines and strategies of preclinical and clinical studies. The Vaccine Value Profile (VVP) for HSV aims to provide a comprehensive, high-level assessment of the information and data currently available to inform the potential public health, economic, and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products.

Herpes Vaccine Preclinical Development

Redbiotec is developing an HSV-2 therapeutic vaccine, also known as immunotherapy. Their vaccine program uses T-cell-mediated protection and aims to outperform antivirals. With two injections, patients can remain symptom-free for over 12 months.

Eurocine vaccine candidates against HSV-2—In a non-human study, mRNA vaccination stimulated potent T cell responses that significantly outcompeted those generated by the protein vaccine in performance in several specific areas. Dr. Karl Ljungberg, Director of Preclinical Development at Eurocine Vaccines, stated in December 2022, "The T cell responses that we report here align with those that can be detected after recovery from an infection and are focused on the part of the HSV-2 virus that we believe is important to target to obtain immunologic control of the virus."

Researchers designed and constructed an HSV-1 synthetic platform based on the H129 Strain of G4. This platform could facilitate further manipulation of the HSV-1 genome, the development of neuronal circuit tracers, oncolytic viruses, and vaccines.

A January 2025 study reviewed the development and characterization of the vaccine potential of replication-competent controlled herpesviruses, representing the first examples of regulated microbes used as vaccines.

The journal MDPI published an article on July 18, 2023, that concluded B7 costimulation molecules expressed from a replication-defective vaccine can enhance vaccine efficacy, even in an immunocompetent host.

Herpes Vaccine News

April 2, 2025 - A new study from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine found that chewing gum made from beans has been shown to reduce the viral load of some strains of herpes.

December 10, 2024 - Around 846 million people aged between 15 and 49 are living with genital herpes infections.

September 11, 2024: GSK plc provided an update on the terminated phase I/II therapeutic HSV vaccine trial.

July 24, 2024 - An article published in Nature: TMEFF1 is a neuron-specific restriction factor for HSV.

May 13, 2024 - Fred Hutch virologists Martine Aubert, PhD, and Keith Jerome, MD, PhD, are conducting laboratory experiments to develop a gene therapy for curing herpes.

February 12, 2024 - Researchers at Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine and Thayer School of Engineering published a new study in Cell Reports Medicine, offering insights into how antibodies function in combating HSV infections.

December 14, 2023 - The findings of a new study (October 26, 2023) could inform the design of treatments for various viruses that replicate in the cell nucleus.

November 1, 2023 - The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine received a grant of $ 504,000 to conduct innovative herpes research.

October 13, 2023 - Rational Vaccines was awarded $2.8 million in U.S. National Institute of Health funding in three separate grants to further its research to diagnose, treat, and prevent the spread of HSV.

September 30, 2023 - A Systematic Review was published: The Association Between Herpes Simplex Virus and Alzheimer's Disease.

May 25, 2023—Akiko Iwasaki, Ph.D., Sterling Professor of Immunobiology and professor of dermatology, molecular, cellular, and developmental biology, and epidemiology (microbial diseases) at Yale School of Medicine, developed a therapeutic vaccine candidate that may reduce the reactivation of genital herpes in guinea pigs. However, a lack of investment has hindered human clinical trials.

April 21, 2023 - The NIAID announced a Request for Information on the U.S. National Institutes of Health's vital strategic approaches to developing an HSV Strategic Plan.

April 5, 2023 - The WHO published updated Herpes Facts, including that an HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV.

March 20, 2023 - Research Article: Construction and characterization of a synthesized herpes simplex virus H129-Syn-G2.

December 21, 2022 - BioNTech announced that the first subject was dosed in a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical study of BNT163, an HSV prevention vaccine candidate.

December 20, 2022—Eurocine Vaccines announced that the mRNA vaccine generates superior T-cell responses. Dr. Karl Ljungberg, Director of Preclinical Development at Eurocine Vaccines, stated, "The T cell responses that we report here are in line with those that can be detected after recovery from an infection and are focused on the part of the HSV-2 virus that we believe is important to target to obtain immunologic control of the virus."

December 15, 2022 - A study published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS Medicine found that if HSV-2 has indeed contributed to the transmission of HIV, then nearly one-third of antiretroviral costs and HIV-related wage losses add to herpes-related costs. Given the magnitude of the combined losses, a vaccine against HSV-2 must be a global priority.

December 12, 2022 - The Lancet Europe published a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions on the epidemiology of HSV-2 in Europe.

December 9, 2022—The journal Nature published an article titled "Urgency and necessity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) prophylactic vaccine development." EBV is a γ-herpesvirus with a double-stranded DNA genome and is the first human oncogenic virus identified. EBV is also known as human herpesvirus 4, a member of the herpes virus family.

September 26, 2022—The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Washington announced that researchers.Drs. Keith Jerome and Martine Aubert) found substantial reductions in oral and genital viral shedding in the treated mice, with many of those treated showing no detectable virus shed. A related non-peer-reviewed study was also published: AAV-delivered gene editing for latent genital or orofacial herpes simplex virus infection reduces ganglionic viral load and minimizes subsequent viral shedding.

September 23, 2022 - Nature - Scientific Reports published: HSV-1 0∆NLS vaccine elicits a robust B lymphocyte response and preserves vision without recognizing HSV-1 glycoprotein M or thymidine kinase. Collectively, the results suggest (1) the live-attenuated HSV-1 mutant 0∆NLS elicits a robust B cell response that drives select B cell responses more significantly than the parental HSV-1 and (2) HSV-1 TK and gM are likely expendable components in the efficacy of a humoral response to ocular HSV-1 infection.

Content sources include the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), research papers, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Precision Vaccinations news network. Healthcare providers, such as Dr. Robert Carlson, fact-check content.

0 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

Herpes Vaccine Candidates

VIS:

PDF

Availability:

Pending

Clinical Trial:

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT05500053&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=

Drug Class:

Vaccine

Clinical Trial Phase I:

A Study of the Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed With Recurrent Symptomatic Genital Herpetic Disease

Lab Test:

CDC Screening

Condition:

Herpes

Last Reviewed:

Thursday, December 11, 2025 - 16:40

Status:

Candidate

Location tags:

United States of America

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine Description

NasoVAX is a recombinant, monovalent intranasal vaccine RD-Ad5-based and is being developed for both seasonal and pandemic use. NasoVAX can activate the humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune arms in unison for a more comprehensive immune response. The data from the Phase 2a trial indicated that NasoVAX was well-tolerated and achieved 100% seroprotection with serum antibody responses comparable to a licensed injected influenza vaccine. Statistically significant increases in mucosal antibodies were noted, as well as a robust T-cell response directed against influenza.

The safety and immunogenicity of NasoVAX, a monovalent intranasal influenza vaccine based on a replication-deficient adenovirus type 5 platform, were evaluated in a placebo-controlled single ascending-dose phase 2a clinical study (ALT-103-201). Sixty healthy adults (18-49 years) received a single intranasal dose of 1×109 viral particles (vp), 1 × 1010 vp, or 1 × 1011 vp of NasoVAX or placebo. Approximately half of the subjects from the highest dose were evaluated between 12 and 14 months after initial dosing for additional immunogenicity assessment. The durability data show that the immune response elicited by NasoVAX was stable, with no overall change in the antibody titer or level of seroprotection over an average of 13 months. The combination of serum antibody, mucosal antibody, and T-cell response with the durability data provides the potential for improved protection against influenza and suggests that NasoVAX could have a more significant impact on flu symptoms and shedding of the influenza virus than currently approved influenza vaccines.

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine Indication

NasoVAX is indicated to prevent influenza, seasonal.

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine Dosage

NasoVAX is administered by intranasal spray. The dosage is being evaluated in clinical trials.

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine News

March 5, 2021 - Vaccines published preliminary findings on the phase 2 clinical trial of NasoVAX. NasoVAX appeared safe and elicited a broad immune response, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, with no impact of baseline anti-adenovirus antibody at the most immunogenic dose.

June 1, 2020 - Altimmune Launches Clinical Trial Of T-COVIDTM, An Investigational Intranasal Immune Modulator For The Treatment Of Patients With Early COVID-19. The FDA has agreed that the Company may use its existing lot of RD-Ad5-based NasoVAX influenza vaccine for the planned T-COVID clinical trial,allowing the Company to initiate the study immediately

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine Clinical Trials

NasoVAX Influenza vaccine continues to be studied in Clinical Trials.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Altimmune

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Holly Lutmer PharmD

Vaccine:

NasoVAX Influenza Vaccine

Generic:

nasal flu vaccine

Drug Class:

Nasal Flu Vaccine

Clinical Trial Phase II:

Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of NasoVAX Extension

Condition:

Influenza

Last Reviewed:

Wednesday, September 20, 2023 - 05:50

Brand:

NasoVAX

Status:

Candidate

MVA MERS-S Vaccine

MVA-MERS-S Vaccine 2023

MVA-MERS-S (Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara) is a vaccine candidate that contains the full-length spike gene of MERS-CoV, a betacoronavirus. The vaccine is based on an attenuated virus, MVA, previously used in a smallpox eradication vaccination campaign and has now been altered to contain protein components from the MERS coronavirus. This recombinant, so-called vector-based vaccine, scientifically termed MVA-MERS-S for short, is to boost immunity against MERS coronaviruses. The MVA-MERS vaccines were produced with tPA, but either the mH5 or F11 promoter driving expression of the spike gene.

Scientists at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) have conducted a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial with a vaccine against MERS. The MVA-MERS-S vaccine had a favorable safety profile without serious or severe adverse events. Homologous prime-boost immunization induced humoral and cell-mediated responses against MERS-CoV. A dose-effect relationship was demonstrated for reactogenicity but not for vaccine-induced immune responses. The data presented here support further clinical testing of MVA-MERS-S in larger cohorts to advance MERS vaccine development.

In June 2023, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a study that concluded: an ELISPOT assay for evaluating MERS-CoV-specific T-cell responses in dromedary camels. After a single modified vaccinia virus Ankara-MERS-S vaccination, seropositive camels showed increased levels of MERS-CoV‒specific T cells and antibodies, indicating the suitability of camel vaccinations in disease-endemic areas as a promising approach to control infection.

The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) jointly develops new approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious diseases.

MVA-MERS-S Vaccine Indication

MVA-MERS-S is a vaccine candidate to prevent MERS, which causes respiratory disease. MERS is one of the WHO's priority diseases, warranting urgent research and development of countermeasures. Dromedary camels have been identified as natural animal reservoirs, with >90% MERS-CoV seroprevalence reported in Middle East countries, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MVA MERS-S Vaccine Dosage

Participants received doses of 1 × 107 plaque-forming unit (PFU; low-dose group) or 1 × 108 PFU (high-dose group) MVA-MERS-S intramuscularly for the prime immunization. A second identical dose was administered intramuscularly as a booster immunization 28 days after the first injection.

MVA MERS-S Vaccine News

June 2023 - The U.S. CDC published Volume 29, Number 6 - MERS-CoV‒Specific T-Cell Responses in Camels after Single MVA-MERS-S Vaccination.

April 21, 2020 - Promising MERS coronavirus vaccine trial on humans – useful insights for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. "The results of this vaccine trial are also important and promising about the development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus," explains Prof. Marylyn Addo, Head of the Division of Infectious Diseases at the UKE and scientist at the DZIF. "The development of the MERS vaccine provides a basis upon which we at the DZIF can rapidly develop a vaccine against the new coronavirus."

April 20, 2020 - The Lancet published a study that found vaccination with MVA-MERS-S had a favorable safety profile without serious or severe adverse events. Vaccination with MVA-MERS-S had a favorable safety profile without serious or severe adverse events. Homologous prime-boost immunization induced humoral and cell-mediated responses against MERS-CoV. A dose–effect relationship was demonstrated for reactogenicity but not vaccine-induced immune responses.

October 3, 2013 - MERS Coronavirus Spike Protein Delivered by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Efficiently Induces Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies.

MVA MERS-S Vaccine Clinical Trials

Clinical Trial NCT04119440: Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase Ib Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of MVA-MERS-S_DF-1.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

MVA MERS-S Vaccine

Drug Class:

Attenuated Vaccine

Clinical Trial Phase I:

Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate MVA-MERS-S

Condition:

MERS

Last Reviewed:

Wednesday, June 21, 2023 - 06:45

Status:

Candidate

MERS Vaccines

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Vaccine Candidates 2025

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have not approved a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) vaccine candidate as of 2025. The WHO says several vaccine candidates are being tested in human clinical trials in 2025. Efforts to develop an effective and safe human MERS-CoV vaccine have advanced, with a few vaccine candidates entering human studies; these vaccines are based on DNA plasmid vectors and modified vaccinia Ankara.

On April 10, 2023, the U.S. government announced Project-NextGen, which aims to empower companies to accelerate the development of vaccines and therapies for human coronaviruses, such as MERS.

MERS-COV Vaccine Candidates

Oxford University's Pandemic Sciences Institute and Barinthus Biotherapeutics Inc. developed the ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine and announced on September 15, 2023, that 84 people aged 50 to 70 would participate in a phase 1 study in Liverpool. This study builds upon two previous Phase I clinical trials conducted in the UK in 2018 and Saudi Arabia in 2019. VTP-500 (ChAdOx1) MERS-CoV is a vaccine candidate from the University of Oxford. It consists of the replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector ChAdOx1 ME, expressing the RS Spike protein antigen. The VTP-500 vaccine is administered as a single dose in a homologous prime-boost regimen. C regimenEPI is funding up to $34.8 million to develop and stockpile VTP-500 vaccines. Due to VTP-500's potential to significantly address the unmet need for MERS, the EMA has confirmed support for the program through the PRIME designation.

The Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf MVA MERS-S (Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara) vaccine candidate contains the full-length spike (S) gene of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination with MVA-MERS-CoV had a favorable safety profile, with no severe adverse events reported. A Phase 1b study, concluded in October 2024, found that MVA-MERS-S was safe and immunogenic in individuals with previous and concurrent SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

BVRS-GamVac-Combi is conducting Phase 1/2 clinical studies, sponsored by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, which is part of the Russian Federation's Ministry of Health.

The inactivated rabies-vectored RS-CoV-2 S1 vaccine, CORAVAX, is adjuvanted with MPLA-AddaVax, a TLR4 agonist, and induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies, thereby generating a strong Th1-biased immune response. The Avaccc 101 vaccine candidate is designed to provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV.

Novavax's MERS investigational vaccine was paused at the preclinical stage.

Ralph Baric's lab at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in collaboration with the U.S. NIAID, negotiated an agreement to develop an MERS mRNA vaccine candidate.

CEPI provided $2.6 million in March 2025 to advance Uvax BioBio's RS vaccine candidate into preclinical trials.

MERS Outbreaks

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes MERS-CoV as a viral respiratory infection. The zoonotic source of this virus remains unknown. Since April 2012, when a patient with pneumonia died in a Jeddah hospital in Saudi Arabia, health authorities from 27 countries in six World Health Organization regions have reported 2,627 cases of MERS, including 946 deaths.

The U.S. CDC recommends MERS-CoV testing for persons within the United States who meet the MERS-CoV person-under-investigation criteria. In the United States, MERS-CoV testing declined from 2017 to 2023, and the clinical and epidemiologic criteria to guide U.S. testing were updated in 2024.

A study published in The Lancet in July 2024 highlighted the potential threat posed by RS-CoV, a member of the genus Merbecovirus, to global health. MERS-CoV circulates in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula and occasionally causes human spillover infections. The emergence of MERS-CoV in camels and humans was preceded by a critical recombination event in which the ancestral receptor-binding module was replaced with a different merbecovirus lineage, thereby altering receptor usage. A key concern is the virus's ability to utilize diverse cell entry receptors, including ACE2.

The U.S. CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases published a study (Volume 30, Number 3) in March 2024 that identified more than three clusters among animals from different areas of Nairobi, Kenya, and a 15% infection rate among slaughterhouse workers.

4 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Tuesday, July 8, 2025 - 13:20

Description:

MERS vaccine candidates protect people from severe infections related to interactions with camels and llamas.

Condition:

MERS

INO-4700 MERS-CoV Vaccine

INO-4700 Vaccine Description 2022

The INO-4700 MERS-CoV product is a DNA vaccine candidate, allowing rapid design and production in response to emerging infectious diseases. Underscoring the potential for rapid deployment of DNA vaccines, On November 17, 2022, the company discontinued the development following analyses of data from studies conducted by INOVIO and funded by CEPI.

INO-4700 (GLS-5300) is a DNA plasmid vaccine that expresses the MERS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein and was co-developed by GeneOne Life Science Inc. and Inovio Pharmaceuticals.

The completed Phase 1 study, the INO-4700 vaccine candidate, was found well-tolerated and induced high antibody responses in 95% of subjects while generating broad-based T cell responses in nearly 90% of study participants. In addition, durable antibody responses to INO-4700 used in that trial were maintained through 60 weeks following dosing.

INOVIO confirmed on March 1, 2022, it had dosed and completed enrollment for the first part (dose-finding stage) of the Phase 2 trial (192 participants) of INO-4700. The trial is sponsored by INOVIO and fully funded by the CEPI and was being conducted at sites in Jordan, Lebanon, and Kenya, where MERS cases have been reported.

Pennslyvania-based INOVIO is a biotechnology company focused on rapidly bringing to market precisely designed DNA medicines to treat and protect people from infectious diseases, cancer, and diseases associated with HPV. INOVIO is the first and only company to have clinically demonstrated that a DNA medicine can be delivered directly into cells in the body via a proprietary smart device to produce a robust and tolerable immune response.

INO-4700 Vaccine Indication

Human beta coronaviruses such as MERS were first identified in the mid-1960s. The best-known coronaviruses are MERS-CoV and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). From 2012 until July 2, 2021, the ECDC reported 2,591 MERS-CoV cases and 940 associated fatalities.

The INO-4700 vaccine is indicated to prevent MERS, a deadly viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-CoV infection. To date, there is no specific treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Also, no vaccine has been licensed to prevent MERS-CoV infection thus far. Overall, vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV are mainly based upon the viral spike (S) protein due to its vital role in the viral infectivity, although several studies focused on other viral proteins such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein, envelope (E) protein, and non-structural protein 16 (NSP16) have also been reported.

The majority of the identified MERS-CoV cases are nosocomially acquired via direct close contact with infected patients (Chowell et al., 2015; Cauchemez et al., 2016), whereas cases of zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels to humans were reported primarily in Saudi Arabia, where human-camel interaction is more frequent.

INO-4700 Vaccine Dosage

INOVIO's DNA medicines deliver optimized plasmids directly into cells intramuscularly or intradermally using INOVIO's proprietary hand-held smart device called CELLECTRA®.

A July 24, 2019, Phase 1 first-in-human clinical trial. Initial findings from the trial were published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. The study, conducted at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) Clinical Trials Center, evaluated a candidate DNA vaccine INO-4700.

Overall, for those receiving 0.6 mg of INO-4700, 88% demonstrated seroconversion after a 2 dose regimen at 0 and 8 weeks, while for those receiving a 3 dose regimen given at 0, 4, and 12 weeks, 84% seroconverted after 2 doses and 100% after 3 doses, as measured by a binding antibody assay against the full-length S protein (ELISA). Additionally, 92% of the vaccine recipients in both groups displayed the ability to neutralize the virus using a neutralization assay (EMC2012-Vero neutralization). Furthermore, robust T cell responses were observed in 60% of vaccine recipients after the 2 dose regimen and 84% in the 3 dose group (ELISpot assay). Interestingly, a single dose of 0.6 mg of INO-4700 intradermal vaccination resulted in a 74% binding antibody response rate and a 48% neutralization antibody response rate.

INO-4700 Vaccine News

August 4, 2021 - INOVIO announced that the company had dosed the initial Phase 2 trial subject in its quest to develop the first vaccine against the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). INOVIO's Phase 2 trial is designed to evaluate INO-4700, its DNA vaccine candidate for the prevention of MERS, a disease in the coronavirus family for which there are no approved vaccines.

March 22, 2021 - This Phase 2a, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-center study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of INO-4700 administered by intradermal (ID) injection followed by electroporation using the CELLECTRA™ 2000 device in healthy adult volunteers for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection. This study is divided into 2 parts: Part 1- dose-finding stage and Part 2- dose expansion stage.

April 28, 2020 - INOVIO and GeneOne Life Science announced interim data through week 16 from a Phase 1/2a trial of DNA vaccine INO-4700 (also called GLS-5300) for MERS-CoV. Vaccine recipients demonstrated strong antibody and T cell immune responses after 2 or 3 doses with 0.6 mg of INO-4700. The vaccination regimen was well-tolerated with no vaccine-associated severe adverse events.

July 25, 2019 - Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced positive results from the first-in-human trial of its vaccine against the MERS were published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. This peer-reviewed article entitled, "Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: A phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial," highlights clinical results of Inovio's collaborative vaccine study of INO-4700 (also called GLS-5300) against MERS delivered with the CELLECTRA® efficacy-enhancing device.

INO-4700 Vaccine Clinical Trials

Clinical Trial NCT04588428: Phase 2a Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of INO-4700 for MERS-CoV in 542 Healthy Volunteers. The purpose of this Phase 2a, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-center study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of INO-4700 administered by intradermal (ID) injection followed by electroporation (EP) using the CELLECTRA™ 2000 device in healthy adult volunteers for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. This study is divided into 2 parts: Part 1- dose-finding stage and Part 2- dose expansion stage. The multi-center Phase 2 trial is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of INO-4700 administered with INOVIO's smart device, the CELLECTRA® 2000, in approximately 500 healthy adult volunteers. The study, which is sponsored by INOVIO and fully funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, is being conducted at sites in Jordan and Lebanon where MERS cases have been reported.

Clinical Trial NCT03721718: Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity Study of GLS-5300 in Healthy Volunteers. This Phase I/IIa study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of GLS-5300 administered intradermally (ID) followed by electroporation at 0.3 and 0.6 mg/dose assessing 2 and 3-dose regimens.

Clinical Trial NCT02670187: Phase I, Open-Label Dose-Ranging Safety Study of GLS-5300 in 60 Healthy Volunteers. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV), a virus related to Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV), was first recognized as a cause of severe pulmonary infection in 2012.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Inovio Pharmaceuticals

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

INO-4700 MERS-CoV Vaccine

Generic:

INO-4700

Clinical Trial:

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/history/NCT04588428?V_4=View

Drug Class:

DNA Vaccine

Clinical Trial Phase I:

Phase I, Open-Label Dose-Ranging Safety Study of GLS-5300 in Healthy Volunteers

Clinical Trial Phase II:

Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4700 for MERS-CoV in Healthy Volunteers

Lab Test:

CDC

Condition:

MERS

Last Reviewed:

Friday, November 18, 2022 - 06:10

Status:

Candidate

Manufacturer Country ID:

Side Effects:

Phase 1 study

Jenvac Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine

JENVAC® Vaccine

JENVAC® is a single-dose inactivated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine. This Vero cell-derived vaccine is prepared from an Indian strain (Kolar- 821564XY) of the JE virus. JENVAC has been developed in collaboration with India's National Institute of Virology. It is a safe and highly effective vaccine that protects against all known strains of Japanese Encephalitis.

JENVAC® is a safe and highly effective vaccine that protects against all the known strains of JE. World Health Organization showed that 6,383 cases of JE were reported in India between 2018 and 2022.

Bharat Biotech is a pioneering biotechnology company based in India known for its world-class R&D and manufacturing capabilities.

JENVAC Indication

Japanese Encephalitis is the most common cause of viral Encephalitis in Asia. JE is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and belongs to the same genus as dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. JE is transmitted to humans through bites from infected mosquitoes of the Culex species. Most JE infections are mild (fever and headache) or without apparent symptoms, but approximately 1 in 250 infections result in severe clinical illness. Severe disease is characterized by rapid onset of high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, paralysis, and ultimately death.

JE's case-fatality rate can be as high as 30% among those with disease symptoms. Of those who survive, 20%–30% suffer permanent intellectual, behavioral, or neurological sequelae such as paralysis, recurrent seizures, or the inability to speak. There is no antiviral treatment for patients with JE. Treatment is supportive to relieve symptoms and stabilize the patient.

JENVAC Dosage

Data from a 2-dose study shows that a single dose of JENVAC is sufficient to elicit the immune response as the subjects who received a single dose were 98.67% sero-protected, and the 4-fold sero-conversion was at 93.14% for the ≥1 year to ≤50 years age group. JENVAC vaccine is administered intramuscularly into the deltoid region of the upper arm for adults and the anterolateral regarea of the thigh for children. As per the Recommended immunization schedule (2018-19), the JE vaccine should be administered at 12 months and 13 months. Infants younger than two months should not be administered JE the vaccine; People who have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the JE vaccine or any ingredient in the vaccine.

JENVAC Adverse Events

The most common adverse events noted were pain, swelling, or redness where the shot was given, headache and muscle aches (mostly in adults), and low fever (mainly in children). Serious side effects from the JE vaccine are very infrequent.

JENVAC Vaccine News

February 2024 - India's government will vaccinate over 25 lakh children in four districts, including Indore, Bhopal, Narmadapuram, and Sagar, beginning February 27, 2024.

August 1, 2022 - Japanese Encephalitis has claimed four more lives in Assam, India, taking the death toll to 52.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Bharat Biotech

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

Jenvac Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine

VIS:

PDF

Availability:

Not licensed for use in the US

Generic:

JE Vaccine

Drug Class:

Vaccine

Find Price:

Discounts

Clinical Trial Phase II:

A Phase II/III, Randomized, Single Blinded, Active Controlled Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of inactivated Jap

Condition:

Japanese Encephalitis

Last Reviewed:

Saturday, February 24, 2024 - 05:50

Brand:

JENVAC

Status:

Approved

Manufacturer Country ID:

Kosher:

Yes

Halal:

Yes

Countries:

India

Rate Vaccine:

EH65UOFx

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines 2025

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) protective vaccines have been found safe and effective. They are approved for use in the United States as of March 14, 2025, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends the JE vaccine for people traveling to a JE-endemic country. The CDC says to consider the JE vaccine (IXIARO) for shorter-term (<1 month) travelers based on planned travel duration, season, location, activities, and accommodation. In addition, vaccination should be considered for travelers going to JE-endemic areas who are uncertain of specific destinations, activities, or travel duration.

As of 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) data represent Japanese Encephalitis vaccination coverage reported by countries through the WHO/UNICEF.

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines Authorized

A JE vaccine was first licensed in the United States at the end of 1999. There are three types of JEV vaccines: inactivated Vero cell-derived, live attenuated, and live recombinant (chimeric) vaccines. In June 2009, the CDC's ACIP approved recommendations for the use of JE-VC in adults and for an adult booster dose. In May 2013, the U.S. FDA approved JE-VC for children aged two months through 16 years. In April 2018, FDA approval for a booster dose was expanded to include the pediatric age group.

Valneva SE IXIARO is an inactivated, adsorbed vaccine derived from Vero cell culture. It is available at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S. and is recommended by the CDC.

JENVAC is an inactivated vero cell-derived vaccine prepared from an Indian Kolar strain of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Other JE vaccines are manufactured and used in different countries, but are not licensed in the U.S.

IMOJEV® (JE-CV, ChimeriVax™-JE) is a recombinant chimeric virus vaccine developed using the Yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine vector YFV17. It replaces the cDNA encoding the envelope proteins of YFV with that of an attenuated JEV strain SA14-14-. Waning immunity in a small proportion of individuals suggests that booster doses may benefit high-risk travelers vaccinated more than 5 years ago.

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Candidates

A study suggests that CD.JEVAX® can be a viable option for booster vaccination in JE prevention programs. (TCTR ID: TCTR20221102003).

SK bioscience announced in February 2025 the commencement of global Phase 1/2 clinical trials for its mRNA-based Japanese encephalitis vaccine candidate, GBP56. This project is based on a CEPI agreement, under which CEPI committed $40 million in initial funding. An additional $100 million in funding could be available later to support late-stage trials/licensure.

Japanese Encephalitis Outbreaks

Japanese Encephalitis outbreaks continue in March 2025.

3 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Thursday, December 18, 2025 - 10:05

Description:

Japanese Encephalitis vaccine is U.S. FDA authorized

Condition:

Japanese Encephalitis

Chikungunya Vaccines

Chikungunya Vaccines December 2025

Chikungunya vaccines have been commercially available since 2023 and are approved in various countries, including the United States, as of December 2025. Like many vaccines, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) vaccine technologies, such as live-attenuated virus vaccines, inactivated viral vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, chimeric alphavirus candidates, DNA vaccines, and virus-like particles, focus on optimizing the balance between efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Chikungunya Vaccine Approved and Available

The U.S. CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued recommendations for the CHIKV vaccine in April 2025, which were adopted by the HHS Secretary on May 13, 2025. As of May 21, 2025, these recommendations are the official guidelines of the CDC.

In the United Kingdom, IXCHIQ® and Vimkunya® vaccines have been reviewed by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization as of August 7, 2025, and guidance will be drafted for the UK Health Security Agency's green book,' Immunization against infectious disease. Health professionals offering these vaccines must ensure they are adequately informed on their use.

The IXCHIQ chikungunya vaccine from Valneva SE was approved in the U.S. in 2023 and in Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. On August 22, 2025, it was removed from the U.S. market.

VIMKUNYA® is a virus-like particle vaccine produced by Bavarian Nordic A/S. It was approved in the U.S. and Europe in 2025. It became commercially available at travel clinics and pharmacies in March 2025.

Chikungunya Vaccine Candidates 2025

The WHO states that several advanced chikungunya vaccine candidates are either undergoing or have already completed regulatory review.

Bharat Biotech International Ltd.'s Chikungunya vaccine candidate, BBV87, is an inactivated whole-virion vaccine based on a strain derived from an East, Central, and South African genotype.

Moderna's mRNA-1944 vaccine candidate encodes a fully human IgG antibody, initially isolated from the B cells of a patient with a prior history of dengue. A study published in March 2025 concluded that the results from both mouse and rhesus macaque models indicate that the vaccine could be a candidate for clinical use against CHIKV.

CD8+ T cell CHIKV Adaptive Vaccine candidate. Including the ligandome into the vaccine construct will require the selection of eight to twelve peptides from the CHIKV peptide set (ligandome), all of which meet several specific criteria. In efficacy studies, the following will then need to be completed.

The Access to Advanced Health Institute received an $18 million award from the National Institutes of Health to develop a temperature-stable, single-dose vaccine candidate for the chikungunya virus. The vaccine uses an innovative RNA platform technology.

A CHIKV vaccine candidate based on baculovirus displaying the chikungunya E1-E2 envelope confers protection against clinical challenges in mice. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with non-adjuvanted recombinant baculovirus-induced IgG antibodies against E2, with a predominant IgG2c subtype, neutralizing antibodies, and a specific IFN-γ CD8+ T-cell response. A second dose significantly boosted the antibody response.

CHIKV mRNA vaccines study - the results from both mouse and rhesus macaque models indicate that the vaccine could be a candidate for clinical use against CHIKV. Based on the favorable protective effects described in March 2025, 'we consider both mCV-1 and mCV-2 to be potential candidate vaccines for further evaluation in subsequent phase I studies.'

Chikungunya Infections in Infants

This study describes the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, and evolution of unvaccinated patients with CHIKV admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department in Asunción, Paraguay, during the 2023 epidemic. Results showed a predominance of febrile infants with altered PAT who presented septic shock within the first 24 hours of hospital admission, 15% of patients with seizures, and 2.5% who died.

Chikungunya Virus Mutations

A study published in May 2025 stated the ongoing large outbreak in Sri Lanka is due to the Indian Ocean lineage and the E1:K211E/E2:V264A sublineage of the Chikungunya virus, which has acquired specific, previously uncharacterized mutations. The impact of these mutations on vaccine effectiveness has not been disclosed.

Chikungunya Outbreaks

As of 2025, millions of people live in areas where Chikungunya is endemic. Chikungunya outbreak news is posted at this link.

4 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Saturday, December 13, 2025 - 11:25

Description:

Chikungunya preventive vaccines have been approved in the United States for 2025

Condition:

Chikungunya

Dengue Vaccines

Dengue Vaccines September 2025

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2025, Dengue is a vaccine-preventable disease, with approved vaccines available. As of September 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), Australia's Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation, and Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) recommend dengue vaccination for specific individuals living in or visiting dengue-risk areas, such as Puerto Rico and Brazil. The UK Health Security Agency published updated dengue vaccination guidance in the 'Green Book' (Chapter 15a) in October 2024.

Dengvaxia® is a live attenuated tetravalent chimeric vaccine approved by the U.S. FDA and various countries. Dengvaxia is no longer offered in the U.S., except for children in Puerto Rico, where Dengue fever has become endemic.

QDENGA® dengue vaccine is approved or authorized in various countries and does not require pre-admission testing. As of July 2025, the U.S. FDA has not approved this vaccine.

Dengue Vaccine Candidates

As of September 2025, clinical trials for the dengue vaccine candidate are recruiting new participants. A review, published in 2025, highlights the challenges in developing a third-generation dengue vaccine. A study published in April 2025 found that the antibody avidity index is essential for characterizing protective DENV immune responses.

Merck's MOBILIZE-1 Phase 3 clinical trial is being initiated for V181, a live attenuated quadrivalent dengue vaccine candidate. As of June 12, 2025, the study will evaluate a single dose of V181 for the prevention of dengue disease caused by any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus, regardless of previous exposure.

Panacea Biotech, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), is developing the DengiAll dengue vaccine. The tetravalent dengue vaccine strain (TV003/TV005), initially created by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials worldwide. Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the Indian vaccine formulation were completed in 2018-19, yielding promising results. With 3 years of follow-up, the single-dose tetravalent dengue vaccine, TV005, was well tolerated and immunogenic for all four serotypes in young children to adults, including individuals with no previous dengue exposure. Panacea Biotec has worked extensively on these strains to create a full-fledged vaccine formulation and holds a process patent. In August 2024, ICMR and Panacea announced the launch of a Phase 3 clinical trial in India.

Butantan Institute's Butantan-DV tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate demonstrated 67-79% efficacy in preventing the disease in Brazil, according to a Phase 3 clinical study, which is ongoing through 2024. On December 16, 2024, the Company submitted the proposal to Anvisa for approval. The institute can produce 100 million doses if approved over the next three years. On February 1, 2024, an Original Article concluded that a clinical study found a single dose of Butantan-DV prevented symptomatic DENV-1 and DENV-2, regardless of dengue serostatus at baseline, through 2 years of follow-up. Butantan-DV is derived from a technology licensed from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2009. Under the collaboration agreement announced in December 2018, Merck and Instituto Butantan are sharing clinical study data.

Serum Institute of India's tetravalent dengue vaccine live candidate, Dengusiil, is conducting phase 2 clinical research in 2024. A previous Phase 1 study concluded that a single dose of Dengusiil was safe and well-tolerated in adults, and highly immunogenic, with trivalent or tetravalent seroconversion and seropositivity in most participants (69%).

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases - TetraVax-DV T005 (rDEN3Δ30/31-7164) is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine. A Phase 2 clinical trial revealed that, with three years of follow-up, a single dose of TV005 was well-tolerated and immunogenic for all four serotypes in young children and adults, including individuals with no prior dengue exposure. Results of a phase 2 study of TV005 in Bangladesh, published in 2024, reported the waning of antibody titers in children aged 1–4 years who were seronegative at the time of vaccination. Only 22–28% of children in this age group remained seropositive for DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4 after three years of follow-up, compared with 69% seropositivity for DENV-2.

TetraVax-DV-TV003 (V180) is a live-attenuated, recombinant, tetravalent investigational dengue vaccine, currently undergoing a Phase 3 clinical trial in Brazil. Dr. Stephen Whitehead's laboratory developed the vaccine. Merck recently completed a phase 1 study (V180-001).

The DV1-DV4 vaccine candidate is transitioning into a human clinical study. This new vaccine construct, which comprises Nature's gene-chip peptides bound to a quantum cluster gold nanoparticle delivery system, demonstrated an excellent safety profile in a repeat-dose Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)- grade toxicology study using a standard industry model.

Àvida Biotech's novel oral vaccine candidate for Dengue does not require cold transport or storage and has completed proof of concept in a mouse model. Additionally, the University of Buffalo's Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences will provide expertise in preclinical drug development.

K.M. Biologics' KD-382 vaccine is a live-attenuated tetravalent dengue candidate in Phase 1 clinical trials. A single dose is expected to be effective against all four serotypes. Additionally, this live attenuated virus vaccine is expected to induce neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity, similar to that caused by natural infection.

Emergex PepGNP-Dengue DengueTcP™, Its Novel T Cell-Priming Immune Set-Point Candidate, uses 100% synthetic vaccines to 'prime' naive CD8+ T-Cells to generate virus-specific CTL (CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte cells) to kill infected cells before productive viral infection, thus preventing viral replication and disease in the vaccinated person. naNO-DENGUE: A Phase-I study of a nanoparticle-based peptide vaccine against Dengue virus.

CodaVax-DENV is a next-generation, tetravalent, live-attenuated dengue vaccine candidate under development by Codagenix Inc. The Company's vaccine design platform has enabled the precise and rational attenuation of contemporary serotypes of all four dengue virus strains through selective codon deoptimization. With this approach, Codagenix can rationally balance all four virus serotypes to produce a safe and highly immunogenic vaccine. On October 24, 2023, Codagenic announced that the U.S. Department of Defense awarded the Company $5.88 million to advance the development of its CodaVax-DENV program. The funding supports good manufacturing practices of drug substances and tetravalent drug products for a Phase 1 study and a first-in-human Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity trial. This award complements a $4.4 million Department of Defense (DoD) award granted in 2022.

Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) anticipates launching its dengue fever vaccine commercially by 2026. IIL's Managing Director, K. Anand Kumar, stated on August 20, 2024, that the vaccine's early-stage trials involving approximately 90 individuals aged 18-50 did not demonstrate any adverse effects. The U.S. National Institute of Health provided IIL with the dengue virus required to develop the vaccine. ILI is a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board.

Dengue Monoclonal Antibody Therapy

Dengushield (VIS513) is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb), not a vaccine, that delivers passive immunization and is evaluated in phase 2 clinical trials to treat Dengue. VIS513 is a highly potent inhibitor of all four types of dengue viruses, both in vitro and in preclinical animal models. VIS513 was licensed to the Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd (SIIPL) for development and commercialization may cost 5,000 to 10,000 rupees per dose. SIIPL funded a Phase 1 study announced in February 2024, and the VIS513 mAb was found to be safe and well-tolerated, with a dose-proportionate increase in pharmacokinetic exposure. A phase 3 study is ongoing.

AbViro LLC (Janssen, LP) AV-1 dengue mAb candidate (JNJ-64281802) is conducting a Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Three Dose Levels in Healthy Adults Challenged With a Controlled Human Infection Strain of DENV-3. Before or after AV-1 dosing, each volunteer will receive an attenuated (weakened) dengue virus injection. If AV-1 shows promising results in this clinical trial, researchers may pursue further clinical evaluations of its safety and efficacy against the dengue virus. In earlier studies using this challenge virus, most volunteers developed a rash, and some had other mild dengue symptoms, such as joint and muscle pain or headache. None of the volunteers developed dengue fever or severe Dengue.

Dengue Outbreaks 2025

Visit Vax-Before-Travel for the latest travel alerts regarding dengue outbreaks in June 2025.

8 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Friday, September 5, 2025 - 13:40

Description:

Dengue vaccines are approved by various countries in September 2025.

Condition:

Dengue