Vaccine News

According to media reporting, a student in southern India has died after being infected with the Nipah virus. As of September 14, 2024, 151 people in contact with the student are now being monitored.

India reported its last fatal Nipah case in July 2024.

According to the World Helath Organization (WHO), the first Nipah virus disease outbreak in India was reported in Siliguri in 2001. State authorities alerted Mysuru, Mangaluru, Chamarajanagar, and Kodagu districts in Karnataka, which borders Kerala state.

Currently, the WHO and other health agencies have not issued travel advisories regarding Nipah outbreaks.

The WHO says Nipah has a relatively high case-fatality ratio and is an emerging zoonotic disease of public health importance in the South East Asia and Western Pacific WHO Regions. It was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998.

In June 2023, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations invested up to U.S. $100 million in four Nipah vaccine candidate projects. These candidates include live-attenuated and replication-defective recombinant vaccine platforms based on poxviruses, VSV, adenovirus, measles, rabies, and virus-like particles and subunit vaccines.

As of September 17, 2024, neither the U.S. Food and Drug Administration nor the European Medicines Agency has authorized a vaccine candidate for the Nipah virus, but clinical trials are ongoing.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine recently announced it received a five-year, $14 million per year grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to participate in a broad national effort to develop "plug-and-play" vaccines and antibody-based therapies against a wide range of emerging viruses.

The Einstein-led consortium, called PROVIDENT (Prepositioning Optimized Strategies for Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics Against Diverse Emerging Infectious Threats), will link 13 teams in academia, government, and industry that will conduct four projects designed to:

Discover and analyze virus-host interactions and the molecular mechanisms involved in viral disease,

Design proteins to elicit antiviral immune responses and then evaluate and optimize those responses,

Create “road maps” for quickly developing RNA vaccines against microbes with pandemic potential, and

Map the antibody responses observed in people infected with viruses and use this knowledge to design vaccines and therapeutics.

PROVIDENT builds on NIAID’s 2021 Pandemic Preparedness Plan, which focuses on “priority pathogens” and “prototype pathogens.” Priority pathogens include viruses known to cause significant human illness or death, such as dengue and Ebola.

“Recent outbreaks of mpox, Nipah virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis, among other viral infections, underscore the need for an even broader preparedness program,” said Eva Mittler, Ph.D., research assistant professor at Einstein and leader of one of the PROVIDENT components, in a press release on September 13, 2024.

“We don't know what virus will cause the next pandemic.”

The $70 million grant is part of NIAID’s new Research and Development of Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies for Pandemic Preparedness (ReVAMPP) Network.

The ReVAMPP network focuses on viruses from the Flaviviridae family, which features viruses that cause dengue and yellow fever; the Paramyxoviridae family, which contains viruses that cause measles, mumps, and Nipah-induced encephalitis; the Picornaviridae family, whose members cause poliomyelitis, foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis; the Togaviridae family, which contains viruses that induce Chikungunya virus-induced arthralgia or encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis; as well as viruses from 5 different families within the Bunyavirales order, including Sin Nombre virus from the Hantaviridae family and the viruses that cause Rift Valley Fever (Phenuiviridae), Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Nairoviridae), Oropouche Fever (Peribunyaviridae), and Lassa Fever (Arenaviridae).

As the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity ramps up for the 2024-2025 season, more children will have access to an innovative therapy this year.

Sanofi U.S. announced today that it is shipping BEYFORTUS™ 50mg and 100mg injection doses to private healthcare providers in the United States.

BEYFORTUS (Nirsevimab-alip) is the first and only long-acting monoclonal antibody approved for the prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in newborns and infants born during or entering their first RSV season and for children up to 24 months of age who remain vulnerable to severe RSV disease through their second RSV season.

BEYFORTUS is not an RSV vaccine but offers passive immunization.

Bridgewater, N.J.-based Sanofi stated it anticipates having enough supply so that every eligible baby born outside of the season will have access to immunization at a regular checkup, and those born during the season will have access at birth.

Thomas Grenier, Head of Vaccines, North America, Sanofi, commented in a press release on September 16, 2024, "We're proud to offer BEYFORTUS doses to help protect every eligible baby in the U.S. this RSV season."

"This upcoming season, we look forward to BEYFORTUS offering its demonstrated real-world protection to as many infants as possible."

Sanofi also took additional measures to ensure greater readiness for this season by launching the BEYFORTUS Reservation Program, which provides critical insight into private healthcare provider demand and allows for prioritized fulfillment of requests placed through the program.

Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Vaccines for Children program will help ensure that the majority of doses are available before RSV season.

As of May 2024, about 41% of women with young infants reported that their child had received BEYFORTUS.

This announcement is essential as RSV is a highly contagious virus that can lead to serious respiratory illness in infants. Two out of three infants are infected with RSV during their first year of life, and almost all children are infected by their second birthday. 

As the global measles outbreak continues in 2024, a 32nd U.S. state confirmed its initial case.

The Tennessee Department of Health (TDH) recently confirmed that a Tennessee resident who recently traveled internationally is recovering from a measles infection.

As of September 14, 2024, TDH has not identified additional measles cases in Tennessee. The last year in which TDH reported positive measles cases in Tennessee was 2019.

On September 5, 2024, the U.S. CDC reported 251 measles cases in 31 jurisdictions this year. So far this year, Chicago (61), Minneapolis (49), and Portland (31) have reported an unusual number of cases.

The measles virus can spread through the air when an infected person speaks, coughs, or sneezes. It can live for up to two hours in the air or on a surface. 

Symptoms include fever, headache, and general unwellness, followed by fever, rash, cough, red eyes, or congestion, says the TDH.

To notify international travelers of the measles outbreaks, the CDC reissued a Level Travel Health Advisory in August 2024, identifying 56 countries reporting measles cases to alert international travelers of the ongoing health risk.

The CDC recommends that international travelers speak with a healthcare provider at least one month before traveling abroad about measles vaccination options. 

About two years ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a report highlighting the first-ever list of fungal priority pathogens, which included 19 fungi representing the greatest threat to public health.

Since then, the WHO has not recommended a fungal vaccine but continues to encourage the development of innovative therapies.

To address this unmet need, F2G Ltd announced a $100 million financing round that will enable the company to complete late-stage development, seek regulatory approval, and prepare for commercialization in the U.S. of olorofim, a novel oral antifungal therapy to treat invasive aspergillosis (IA) and other invasive fungal infections.

It is anticipated that this treatment will be used to treat patients with a serious invasive, rare fungal disease for which existing treatments are inappropriate or no longer effective.

Olorofim is the first orotomide antifungal, an entirely novel class of antifungal agents. It is the only antifungal medication awarded a Breakthrough Therapy Designation for multiple indications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Olorofim has a novel mechanism of action, different from that of existing classes of antifungals. It exerts fungicidal activity by inhibiting the pyrimidine synthesis pathway.

Henry Skinner, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of AMR Action Fund, commented in a press release on September 12, 2024, “Fungal infections are a growing threat to patients worldwide and have a disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations, yet there has been a paucity of innovation in the field of antifungals."

"For decades, clinicians have relied on a handful of antifungal classes, with few mechanisms of action and significant limitations due to spectrum of activity, drug toxicities, or drug-drug interactions. These therapies are increasingly failing in patients."

The U.S. NIH says some fungal infections are more common in people with weakened immune systems or hospitalized individuals, while others can infect anyone, including otherwise healthy people.

As of 2023, fungal vaccine candidates were segmented into broad categories based upon their composition, ranging from multiple to single antigens: whole organism vaccines (live-attenuated or killed fungal cells), crude extracts (fractions derived from cells and medium of fungal cultures), purified subunit vaccines (proteins, peptides), and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) encoding the antigen(s) of interest.

No fungal vaccine has been approved as of 2024.

Bavarian Nordic A/S today provided an update on its supply and manufacturing activities supporting the ongoing mpox outbreak. The Company produces MVA-BN® (JYNNEOS®, IMVAMUNE®, and IMVANEX®), a leading smallpox and mpox vaccine.

Since the recent declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO), Bavarian Nordic has intensified the collaboration with global stakeholders to support efforts to combat the mpox outbreak.

Thanks to donations from the European Commission, the U.S. government and Bavarian Nordic, the first doses of MVA-BN arrived last week in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the epicenter of the mpox clade 1b outbreak. More than 250,000 doses have already been shipped, and other countries have pledged further donations of more than 500,000 doses of MVA-BN.

Bavarian Nordic stated that by focusing the full capacity to address the current public health emergency, the Company could supply up to 13 million MVA-BN doses by the end of 2025, including 2 million in 2024.

Paul Chaplin, President & CEO of Bavarian Nordic, said in a press release on September 12, 2024, “As the supplier of the only non-replicating mpox vaccine that has shown to be highly effective during a mpox outbreak, we have been working closely with all governments and organizations to support the international efforts to combat the latest public health emergency."

"Just as during the clade two mpox outbreak in 2022/23, we will support all requests for vaccine and have already secured agreements and submitted responses to the UNICEF tender that will hopefully secure more access to MVA-BN globally."

The JYNNEOS vaccine is commercially available in the United States at select travel clinics and pharmacies. 

The U.S. government recommends two JYNNEOS doses to provide robust protection against disease. However, routine immunization against mpox is not recommended for the general public, and a booster dose (3rd) is not endorsed.