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Dukoral Cholera Vaccine

DUKORAL® Cholera Vaccine Clinical Trials, Dosage, Indication, Side Effects

Valneva SE's DUKORAL® is an oral, inactivated vaccine for preventing diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae and/or heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Since the 1980s, either killed or live oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been developed, and efficacy and effectiveness studies have been conducted. DUKORAL contains four different inactivated strains (types) of V. cholerae serotype O1 and part of a toxin from one of these strains as active ingredients, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Dukoral is a vaccine administered orally to protect individuals against cholera. DUKORAL suspension and effervescent granules for oral suspension. DUKORAL's ATC code: J07AE01, J07AE02, J07AE51.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified the DUKORAL vaccine. It is authorized in Europe, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Mayotte, New Zealand, Switzerland, Thailand, and the United Kingdom to protect people against cholera and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The EMA (EMEA/H/C/000476) states that Dukoral is used in individuals aged 2 years who will be visiting areas with a high risk of cholera. The WHO announced on February 12, 2024, that global demand for OCVs (74 million) has exceeded supply (38 million). Valneva announced on November 7, 2024, that DUKORAL sales in the third quarter of 2024 increased by 85% year-over-year, as marketing investments resumed following a successful regulatory inspection of the Company's new manufacturing site in Sweden.

France-based Valneva SE's strategy is rooted in its vision of contributing to a world where no one dies or suffers from a vaccine-preventable disease. Dukoral initially produced the SBL vaccine.

DUKORAL Cholera Vaccine Indication

The U.S. CDC recommends vaccination for people traveling to or living in areas of active cholera transmission. In addition, active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 is recommended for adults and children (2 years and older) who will be visiting endemic/epidemic areas. But cholera vaccines are not 100% effective. Check the CDC's Travel Health Notices to identify areas with active cholera transmission.

DUKORAL Cholera Vaccine Dosage

DUKORAL is administered orally with a buffer solution that requires 150 ml of clean water for adults. The standard primary course for adults and children over six years old consists of two doses; children under six years old should receive three doses. Doses are to be administered at intervals of at least one week but less than six weeks apart. The primary immunization course should be restarted if more than six weeks have elapsed since the last dose. Immunization should be completed at least one week before potential exposure to Vibrio cholerae O1.

Each dose of DUKORAL vaccine suspension (3ml) contains a total of 1.25 x 1011 bacteria of the following strains: Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba, classical biotype (heat inactivated) 31.25 x 109 bacteria, Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba, El Tor biotype (formalin inactivated) 31.25x 109 bacteria, Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa, classical biotype (heat inactivated) 31.25x 109 bacteria, Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa, classical biotype (formalin inactivated) 31.25x 109 bacteria—recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) 1mg.

DUKORAL Vaccine Production

Valneva's global manufacturing network comprises three in-house operations, covering both internal and external production of clinical and commercial products. Valneva's U.S. FDA-approved manufacturing site in Livingston, located just outside Edinburgh, is currently dedicated to producing drug substances for our viral vaccines. Valneva's manufacturing site in Solna is just outside of Stockholm. The site has a long history of vaccine manufacturing and is affiliated with Sweden's state-owned vaccine institute. Valneva's new manufacturing site in Sweden underwent regulatory evaluation and approval in 2024. Along with Valneva's development center in Vienna (Austria), the Company operates GMP laboratories and facilities for the testing and quality control of Valneva's commercial and clinical-stage vaccines.

DUKORAL Cholera Vaccine Warnings and Precautions

DUKORAL® confers protection specific to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1. Immunization does not protect against V. cholerae serogroup O139 or other species of Vibrio. Administration of DUKORAL® should be postponed for subjects suffering from acute gastrointestinal or febrile illness. DUKORAL is not recommended for use in children under two years of age. Formaldehyde is used during manufacturing, and trace amounts may be present in the final product. Caution should be taken in subjects with known hypersensitivity to formaldehyde. DUKORAL contains approximately 1.1 g of sodium per dose, which patients should consider when following a controlled sodium diet. The vaccine does not provide complete protection against the disease.

Cholera Outbreaks

Various countries have reported cholera outbreaks in 2025.

DUKORAL Vaccine News

August 12, 2025 - In the first half of 2025, DUKORAL® sales were €17.4 million compared to €14.9 million in the first half of 2024. The supply of doses notably contributed to this 16.4% growth, supporting efforts to combat an outbreak on the French island of Mayotte, for a total of €1.1 million in the first quarter of 2025.

May 7, 2025 - Valneva SE reported that in the first quarter of 2025, DUKORAL sales increased 9.4% to €12.3 million, primarily driven by the supply of doses to the French Department of Mayotte.

December 18, 2024—The WHO reported that Oral Cholera vaccine production reached its highest level in November since 2013. This increase allowed the average stock to rise to 3.5 million doses in November, compared to 600,000 in October 2024.

March 20, 2024 - The Company confirmed that DUKORAL® vaccine sales benefited from the significant recovery in the private travel markets.

September 30, 2022 - Cholera Vaccine: Recommendations of the U.S. CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.

DUKORAL Clinical Studies

In September 2023, a Research Article focused on cholera vaccine clinical trials: A cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials registries.

Challenge studies in human volunteers provided the first demonstration of efficacy. The challenge study at the University of Maryland enrolled healthy participants aged 19 to 35. Participants receiving either WC-BS (with 5 mg of CTB) or WC were given three doses at 2-week intervals. In addition, Cimetidine was administered three hours before receiving the vaccine, along with the sodium bicarbonate solution mixed with the vaccine. Vaccinated participants and unvaccinated controls were challenged with 2 × 106 El Tor Inaba V. cholerae (strain N16961) four weeks after completion of the third dose of WC (n = 9) and five weeks after completion of WC-BS (n = 11). The vaccine efficacy of WC was found to be 56%, and for WC-BS, 64% (Table 2). Vaccinated participants in both groups who developed cholera had less severe illness than controls and complete protection from severe diarrhea.

The EMA states that the Company presented data from the published literature and the results of three central studies involving nearly 113,000 people to support the use of Dukoral. In all three studies, Dukoral, given in either two or three doses, was compared with a placebo (a dummy vaccine). The studies took place in areas where cholera was found. The primary measure of effectiveness was the 'protective effectiveness' of the vaccine, calculated by comparing the number of people in the studies who developed cholera after receiving Dukoral and a placebo.

The first study involved over 89,000 people in Bangladesh and compared Dukoral with the same vaccine without the toxin and with a placebo. In this study, Dukoral was formulated using the cholera toxin extracted from cholera bacteria, rather than the newer recombinant toxin. The protective effectiveness of Dukoral was 85% over a six-month period. Protection lasted for six months in children and two years in adults. In adults, two doses of the vaccine were as effective as 3.

The other two studies compared Dukoral (containing recombinant cholera toxin) with a placebo in over 22,000 people in Peru. In the first of two doses, Dukoral's protective effectiveness was 85% for the first five months after vaccination. The people in the second study also received a booster dose 10 to 12 months later. The protective effectiveness of Dukoral after the booster dose was 61% during the second year of follow-up.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Valneva SE

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

Dukoral Cholera Vaccine

VIS:

PDF

Availability:

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Europe, France, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and Thailand

Generic:

Cholera Vaccine

Drug Class:

Vaccine

Find Price:

Discounts

Clinical Trial Phase II:

Safety and Immunogenicity of Locally Manufactured New (HL-OCV) Oral Cholera Vaccine

Clinical Trial Phase III:

Oral Cholera Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness

Condition:

Cholera

Availability Link:

Europe

Last Reviewed:

Monday, September 15, 2025 - 07:35

Brand:

DUKORAL®

ChEMBL ID:

07AE01

Accession Number:

J07AE01

Status:

Approved

Manufacturer Country ID:

Side Effects:

Ingredients:

Countries:

Location tags:

United States of America

Cholera Outbreaks

Cholera Outbreaks September 2025

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded seven cholera pandemics over the past two centuries. The current (7th) cholera epidemic is considered to have started in 1961. As of September 2025, over 409,222 cholera/Acute Watery Diarrhoea cases and 4,738 deaths were reported globally, from 31 countries, with six of the 31 countries reporting case fatality rates above 1%. The WHO's Global Cholera and Acute Watery Diarrhoea Dashboard was updated in 2025. In 2024, 804,721 cholera cases and 5,805 related fatalities were reported from 33 countries. Data show that 472,697 cholera cases were reported to the WHO in 2022, up from 223,370 in 2021.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified an unprecedented global increase in cholera outbreaks over the last four years: 2022, 2023, 2024, and 2025. In addition, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the European CDC, and the WHO have reported active cholera transmissions in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, India, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia, and Syria.

Cholera Cases in the U.S.

With modern water systems, there are now typically fewer than 20 cholera cases a year. Nearly all cholera cases reported in the U.S. are acquired during international travel. As of May 2025, there were (1) cholera cases reported in the U.S. As of December 31, 20224, week #52, eight cholera cases were reported to the CDC this year. In 2023, there were 17 cases, and in 2022, the CDC confirmed that eight travelers infected with cholera arrived from Pakistan, Iraq, and Bangladesh. Additionally, the CDC's Clinician Outreach and Communication Alert in 2023 reported an unprecedented global increase in cholera infections.

Cholera Vaccines

As of September 2025, various cholera vaccines have been approved by the WHO but remain in limited availability globally.

2 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Monday, September 15, 2025 - 12:20

Description:

Cholera is a vaccine preventable disease causing outbreaks in 2025

Condition:

Cholera

Measles Outbreaks

Measles Outbreaks 2025

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that measles outbreaks continued in 2025, as 184 WHO Member States reported measles cases. As of May 28, 2025, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains a global Watch-Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions, Travel Health Notice, identifying measles outbreaks in over 50 countries, which include Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of South Sudan, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, and Zambia.

United States Measles Outbreaks 2025

As of December 10, 2025, the CDC reported more than 1,900 confirmed measles cases across 43 US jurisdictions. The CDC issued a Health Alert Network (CDCHAN-00522) on March 7, 2025, regarding measles outbreaks in western Texas. The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) submitted 92 identical DNA sequences in genotype D8, while 10 DNA sequences from New Mexico and one from Kansas were similar to those from Texas. Additionally, five distinct genotype B3 sequences were reported from the States of Alaska, California, Florida, Kentucky, New York, Rhode Island, Texas, and Washington. The Annual Report on Immunization Status of Texas Students for the 2023-2024 School Year indicates a high statewide vaccination rate of over 94%.

United States Measles Outbreaks 2024

As of December 31, 2024, the US CDC reported 285 measles cases (49 imported) in 33 jurisdictions: Arizona, California (San Diego, Los Angeles), Florida (Broward, 10), Georgia, Idaho, Illinois (Chicago (67)), Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota (70), Kansas City, Missouri, New Jersey (Camden, Monmouth, Somerset counties), New York (New York City (13)), Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio (Cincinnati), Oregon (31), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. About 56% of cases were hospitalized for management of measles complications, and 39% were under five years of age. As of 2024, there are no CDC recommendations for receiving a third MMR dose during measles outbreaks.

United States Measles Outbreaks 2023

The US CDC reported 59 measles cases in 20 jurisdictions across the United States in 2023. The majority of these cases involved unvaccinated international travelers in California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York City, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.

United States Measles Outbreaks 2022

According to the CDC, there were 121 measles cases in the US in 2022. Between 2000 and 2022, there was an 18% increase in estimated measles cases and a 43% increase in estimated measles deaths compared with 2021. The Health Department of the City of Columbus, Ohio, and Franklin County Public Health (FCPH) reported 85 confirmed measles cases in children, with 80 of the cases being unvaccinated and 36 resulting in hospitalization.

Measles Outbreak Costs

In April 2021, the journal Pediatrics published a study indicating that treatment costs were $47,479 per hospitalized case during a measles outbreak. In January 2020, Clinical Infectious Diseases published a meta-analysis estimating the median price per hospitalized measles case at $32,805.

Measles Testing

After MMR vaccination, syndromic panels can detect the measles vaccine virus, which is not transmitted to others and does not cause disease in immunocompetent persons. The US CDC reported in March 2024 that among syndromic test panels conducted by a commercial laboratory, approximately 1% were positive for measles. Patients who received these results were children without known measles risk factors who had been vaccinated against measles; the majority <3 Weeks previously. Their results were attributed to the detection of the measles vaccine virus.

Measles Vaccines

During a measles outbreak, the US CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) outlines cases for administering a third MMR dose.

4 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Thursday, December 11, 2025 - 13:55

Description:

Measles detected in Africa, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Caribbean, England, Europe, India, Indonesia, and United States.

Condition:

Measles

West Nile Virus Vaccines

West Nile Virus Vaccine Candidates 2025

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved West Nile virus (WNV) vaccines for use in humans as of December 2025. However, active human clinical studies include vaccine candidates: two live attenuated chimeric vaccines, one DNA vaccine, one recombinant subunit vaccine, and two inactivated whole-virus vaccines. A Research Article published in October 2025 stated that live-attenuated vaccines, including flavivirus YFV 17D and JEV SA14-14-2 vaccines, offer the advantages of robust immune responses and long-lasting protection.

In Phase 2 trials, the live attenuated recombinant yellow fever vaccine strain expressing the premembrane and envelope (prM–E) genes of WNV (ChimeriVax-WN02, Sanofi Pasteur) demonstrated a favorable safety profile and immunogenicity, even in older age groups, following a single dose.

The HydroVax-001 vaccine candidate consists of a hydrogen peroxide-inactivated whole virion (WNV-Kunjin strain) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide.

"Our experience over the past two decades has demonstrated that current prevention strategies are insufficient to reduce the ongoing WNV disease burden. WNV vaccination would be more effective in preventing WNV disease and related deaths," wrote a Perspective published by the NEJM on May 4, 2023. "The benefits of live vaccines, including durability of immunity and the need for only one dose, will need to be weighed against potential safety concerns."

2 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Wednesday, December 17, 2025 - 15:40

Description:

West nile virus vaccine candidates are conducting clinical trials

Condition:

West Nile Virus

Dengue Outbreaks

Dengue Outbreaks 2025

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous health agencies, Dengue is a viral infection spread to humans by infected mosquitoes of the Aedes genus and a leading cause of febrile illness among international travelers in 2025. The WHO has classified Dengue as a grade 3 emergency, with an estimated 4 billion people at risk globally. The WHO states that Dengue is a vaccine-preventable disease, endemic in approximately 110 countries, including areas within the United States, such as Florida and Puerto Rico.

As of August 21, 2025, the WHO Dengue Situation Update 728 indicates that over 6 million Dengue cases and 7,552 related fatalities have occurred in 2025. More than 13 million dengue cases were reported in 2024, marking the highest number of cases on record. On January 20, 2025, the WHO published a Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness, and Response Plan for Dengue. Dengue's four subviruses are usually spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes. On October 3, 2024, the WHO launched the Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness, and Response Plan to tackle Dengue and other Aedes-borne arboviruses. The WHO plan aligns with the Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030, a global strategy to strengthen vector control worldwide, and the Global Arbovirus Initiative.

An analysis published in July 2024 reported that the most frequent regions of dengue infection acquisition were Southeast Asia (50.4%), South Central Asia (14.9%), the Caribbean (10.9%), and South America (9.2%). The median age was 33 years, and tourism was the most frequent reason for travel (67.3%). An analysis published in December 2024 revealed a clear link between climate change and the expansion of vectors, such as mosquitoes, into new territories, increasing disease incidence. Mosquitoes that spread Dengue viruses usually live below 6,500 feet; therefore, a person's chances of getting Dengue in high altitudes are very low.

Dengue Outbreak Travel Advisories

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reissued a Global Travel Health Notice on December 23, 2025, regarding Dengue outbreaks in the Americas, Africa/Middle Eas t, and Asia/Pacific regions. The CDC has not issued travel advisories for U.S. states that have reported local dengue outbreaks, such as Florida and Puerto Rico.

Dengue Outbreak in the United States

As of July 2025, the U.S. CDC advises clinicians to consider Dengue in patients with fever who live in or have recently traveled to areas with a risk of Dengue. The CDC reported in September 2025 that 3,045 Dengue cases occurred in 47 jurisdictions this year. The CDC says transmission of Dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, 2, 3, 4) remains high in the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. DENV-3 is the most common (84%) serotype identified in 2025.

In 2024, 53 jurisdictions, led by Arizona, California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Puerto Rico, reported 9,391 dengue cases. In June 2024, the CDC issued an updated Health Alert Network Health Advisory, notifying healthcare providers, public health authorities, and the general public of an increased risk of dengue virus infections in the United States. In 2023, 52 U.S. jurisdictions reported 6,164 dengue cases to the CDC.

The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) reports that mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever are present in the state of Texas. As of September 2025, DSHS reported 31 travel-related dengue cases. As of December 2024, there were 43 imported dengue cases in 23 Texas counties, led by Travis County (18), and one local case in Cameron County, with one related fatality. Texas reported 79 travel-related dengue cases in 2023 and one locally acquired case in Val Verde County.

In California, the San Bernardino County Public Health Department reported (1) a locally acquired case of Dengue in San Bernardino on November 7, 2024. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health has reported 12 locally acquired dengue cases in the San Gabriel Valley , specifically in the cities of Baldwin Park (8), El Monte (2), Hollywood Hills (1), and Panorama City (1), in 2024. Dengue cases were reported in San Diego, Escondido, and Vista in 2024. Over 360 dengue cases were confirmed in California in 2023. California reported two locally acquired cases (in Long Beach and Pasadena) and 250 travel-related cases.

Between 2010 and 2023, 250 locally acquired cases were reported in Hawaiʻi.

Dengue Outbreak U.S. Territories

The CDC says the Dengue virus is endemic in the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau.

Dengue Outbreaks in the Americas

The first suspected dengue-like epidemics were reported in 1635 in Martinique and Guadeloupe. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an Epidemiological Alert in February 2025, based on the growing circulation of DENV-3, which had not been circulating previously, thereby increasing the probability of severe cases.

Dengue Outbreaks in Asia and the Pacific Islands

In 2025, the WHO confirmed that the Western Pacific Region continues to face a high burden of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases, particularly Dengue. In 2025, the U.S. CDC reported that countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region reported higher-than-usual dengue cases. T

Dengue Outbreaks in Europe

In Europe, dengue viruses, transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, are primarily associated with infections acquired in endemic countries. Local transmission remains rare, with only sporadic or small-scale outbreaks documented. As of December 2024, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported over 8,500 dengue-related deaths. In 2024, the ECDC reported locally acquired dengue cases in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. In 2024, more than 600 DENV infections in Germany occurred exclusively among travelers returning from dengue-endemic countries. In 2023, 130 locally acquired dengue cases were reported in the European Union and the European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The number of imported dengue cases in Europe increased from 1,572 in 2022 to approximately 4,900 in 2023.

Dengue United Kingdom 2025

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) states that local dengue fever does not occur in the United Kingdom; however, it can be acquired by traveling to dengue-endemic areas. In 2024, 904 dengue cases were reported in returning travellers across England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, up from 631 in 2023. The most significant proportion of English cases (349) was reported in London.

Dengue Virus-Carrying Mosquito

Mosquito bites cause more human suffering than any other organism. The spread of Dengue throughout the world can be directly attributed to the proliferation and adaptation of these mosquitoes. In the U.S., there are 176 species. A recent study published by the Royal Society indicates that dengue-carrying mosquitoes are expanding their range by an average of 6.5 meters of elevation and have moved polewards by 4.7 km annually.

Dengue Virus Infection Testing

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a Health Update (CDCHAN-00523) on March 18, 2025, highlighting the ongoing risk of Dengue virus infections and updates to testing recommendations in the United States. People with suspected Dengue virus infection should be tested with a real-time PCR, NS1 antigen test, or an IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at commercial labs or public health clinics.

Dengue Disease

Dengue is a disease caused by a virus transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. It can take up to two weeks to develop, but the illness generally lasts less than a week. Without treatment, severe Dengue can become fatal. New research has identified pre-existing anti-DENV IgG antibodies as the cause of the increased duration of Dengue upon second exposure.

Severe Dengue

Approximately 5% of Dengue cases can progress rapidly to Severe Dengue, which may involve hypovolemic shock, gastrointestinal or vaginal bleeding requiring transfusion, and end-organ impairment. Furthermore, women infected with Dengue during pregnancy can pass the virus to their fetuses. Promptly initiating intensive supportive therapy can reduce the risk of death among patients with severe Dengue. The extent and duration of viremia are often correlated with the severity of clinical disease. A study published in October 2024 concluded that secondary dengue infections with different dengue virus serotypes have been associated with an increased risk of Severe Dengue after 2 years.

Dengue Infections Cause Cardiovascular Complications

Published on April 18, 2025, this review discusses the cardiovascular manifestations of Dengue and their management, explores the proposed pathogenesis, and concludes with a discussion of potential future research directions.

Dengue Viruses

There are four Dengue Viruses. A study published in October 2024 concluded that the co-circulation of multiple genotypes is associated with an increase in severe cases, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance.

Dengue Virus Blood Transfusion-Transmission

Emerging evidence published in November 2024 suggests a potentially concerning route of blood transfusion-transmitted dengue virus (TT-DENV), which poses a critical threat, especially in endemic countries like Brazil. In May 2024, a RESEARCH ARTICLE found that dengue virus transmission was a risk in blood donation in Thailand. In March 2016, Transfusion-Transmitted Dengue and Associated Clinical Symptoms During the 2012 Epidemic in Brazil was published.

Dengue Infection Immune-Mediated Enhancement

In this study, published on October 31, 2024, researchers demonstrate that the expression of a DENV-specific B cell receptor (BCR) renders cells highly susceptible to DENV infection, with the infection-enhancing activity of the membrane-restricted BCR correlating with the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) potential of the IgG version of the antibody. In addition, they observed that the frequency of DENV-infectible B cells increases in previously flavivirus-naïve volunteers after a primary DENV infection. These findings suggest that BCR-dependent infection of B cells is a novel mechanism for immune-mediated enhancement of DENV infection. This observation indicates that BCR-dependent infection of DENV-specific B cells may be a complementary mechanism for immune-mediated enhancement of DENV infection, expanding upon existing models of antibody-dependent enhancement.

Dengue Virus in Pregnant Women

The CDC confirms that a pregnant woman already infected with Dengue can pass the virus to her child during pregnancy, and there has been one documented report of Dengue spread through breast milk. A study published in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics in April 2024 confirmed robust evidence for the adverse effect of dengue infections on birth weight and documented increases in children's hospitalizations and medical expenditures for up to three years after birth.

Dengue and Zika Virus

A study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine on May 29, 2024, found that primary ZIKV infection increased the risk of disease caused by DENV3 and DENV4 but not DENV1. This finding was also observed for tertiary infections in individuals previously infected with DENV and ZIKV, but not in those previously infected with ZI alone.

10 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Wednesday, December 24, 2025 - 04:55

Description:

Dengue outbreaks in Africa, Asia, Brazil, California, Caribbean, China, Costa Rica, Florida, France, India, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Spain, Thailand.

Vaccine:

QDENGA Dengue Vaccine

CodaVax RSV Vaccine

CodaVax™ RSV Vaccine May 2023

CodaVax™-RSV intranasal, live-attenuated vaccine candidate has the potential to induce innate immunity and durable local and systemic immunity.

Codagenix Inc. is utilizing codon-deoptimized live vaccine candidates to deliver all the benefits of live vaccines on short timelines while offering unparalleled genetic stability. Codagenix's "death by a thousand cuts" approach takes the genetic sequence of the wild-type target and uses an AI-aided algorithm to compute the hundreds or thousands of sites where codons can be modified to produce the same amino acid sequence with lower translational efficiency. This process yields a small, testable number of candidate viral genomes that produce all the same proteins as the wild type but with far less virulence, exponentially accelerating timelines for candidate development. In addition, unlike previous live-attenuated RSV vaccine candidates, CodaVax-RSV is highly stable due to genetic edits that prevent wild-type reversion.

On May 10, 2023, Codagenix announced that it initiated dosing in a pediatric Phase 1 study evaluating the CodaVax™-RSV vaccine as an age de-escalation, dose-escalation design specifically evaluating safety and immunogenicity in the 6-month to 5-year-old population. The trial is being conducted under U.S. FDA IND and Fast Track designations.

New York-based Codagenix is a clinical-stage biotechnology company leading a new era of live vaccines and viral therapeutics.

CodaVax Indication

CodaVax is indicated to prevent (RSV) infections in infants and adults. RSV is a leading cause of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory infection, particularly in infants, young children, and elderly adults.

CodaVax News 2023

May 10, 2023 - "Codagenix is focused on providing an effective prophylactic vaccine for infants and toddlers six months to 5 years old who, based on the recent data, may be at higher risk for hospitalization following infection despite recent innovations in other RSV vaccines for the elderly that are under review," said J. Robert Coleman, Ph.D., Co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Codagenix.

November 2, 2022 - The US FDA has granted Codagenix Fast Track Designation for CodaVax-RSV, an intranasal RSV vaccine candidate.

June 1, 2022 - Codagenix Inc. announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the Investigational New Drug (IND) application for CodaVaxTM-RSV.

CodaVax Clinical Trials

CodaVax has completed a phase 1 clinical trial and will begin recruiting for another phase 1 trial. The first phase 1 clinical trial has been completed: Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-attenuated Vaccine Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Elderly Volunteers. This trial began on July 10, 2020, enrolling 36 healthy adult volunteers. The participants received two doses, 28 days apart. The vaccine was administered as nose drops.

The second phase 1 study - CodaVax-RSV in Seropositive and Seronegative Children, was Last Updated on April 20, 2023.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Codagenix, Inc.

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

CodaVax RSV Vaccine

Availability:

N/A

Generic:

RSV Nasal Vaccine

Drug Class:

Intranasal

Clinical Trial Phase I:

Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live-attenuated Vaccine Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Elderly Volunteers

Condition:

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Last Reviewed:

Wednesday, May 10, 2023 - 08:10

Brand:

CodaVax

Status:

Candidate

Manufacturer Country ID:

Ebola Outbreaks

Ebola Outbreaks September 2025

The initial Zaire Ebolavirus disease case was confirmed in 1976 in a village near the Ebola River in Africa, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). A study published on August 18, 2023, says the origins of Ebola remain enigmatic. Recent data suggest that some Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks may originate from the human-to-human transmission of prior Ebola virus disease (EBVD) outbreak strains, rather than spillover. Orthoebolaviruses are a group of four viruses that cause Ebola disease. As of 2025, more than 30 EBVD outbreaks have been reported. The WHO posted a Chronology of EBOV outbreaks.

Zaire Ebolavirus Outbreaks

Africa experienced Ebola virus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), formerly known as Zaire, in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2022. Over 29,000 people were infected, and more than 11,000 died. On September 4, 2025, the DRC declared an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kasai Province, where 28 suspected cases and 15 deaths occurred, including four health workers. There have been 15 outbreaks in the DRC since the disease was first identified in 1976.

Sudan Ebolavirus Outbreak

The Uganda Ministry of Health declared its eighth Sudan Ebolavirus Disease (SVD) outbreak in January 2025. As of April 26, 2025, Uganda's second SVD outbreak in three years was declared over by the WHO Africa. During this SVD outbreak, 14 cases and four deaths occurred.

The U.S. CDC reissued a Travel Health Advisory Level 2, Practice Enhanced Precautions notice on March 12, 2025, regarding Uganda's current SVD outbreak. The CDC previously issued Health Alert Network Health Advisory CDCHAN-00477 on October 6, 2022, and CDCHAN-00480 on November 7, 2022. Since October 2022, all U.S.-bound passengers from Uganda have been routed to designated airports for enhanced Ebola screening. Traveler screening at Ugandan entry points remains active in 2025, with 25,364 travelers screened for SVD as of March 2, 2025.

The UKHSA issued a public health message in November 2022 regarding the SVD outbreak in Uganda. All workers returning to the UK from areas affected by SUDV should undergo a risk assessment. On November 1, 2022, the WHO advised against imposing any travel and/or trade restrictions on Uganda based on the available information regarding the current SUDV outbreak.

On May 8, 2023, North Kivu, DRC, confirmed a positive case of SUDV.

Ebola in the United States

The U.S. CDC updated its Ebola Outbreak History on August 31, 2023. The CDC says that 11 people were treated for EVD in the U.S. during Africa's 2014-2016 epidemic. On September 30, 2014, the CDC confirmed the first travel-associated case of Zaire EVD was diagnosed in the U.S. in a traveler from West Africa to Dallas, Texas. The patient (the index case) died on October 8, 2014. Two healthcare workers who cared for him tested positive for EVD, and both recovered. On October 23, 2014, a medical aid worker who had volunteered in Guinea was hospitalized in New York City, NY, and was diagnosed with EVD. The aid worker recovered, and seven others were cared for in West Africa. Six of these EVD patients recovered; one died, reported the CDC.

Ebola Vaccines

As of 2025, Ebola vaccines are not commercially available in the United States. Ebola vaccine information is posted at the Vax-Before-Travel link.

Ebola Therapy

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized Ebanga for intravenous injections on December 21, 2020.

Ebola Prevention and Control Guidelines

In August 2024, the WHO published updated research priorities for infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. Key recommendations are summarized in The BMJ. On December 18, 2023, Texas Biomed announced findings published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (Sept. 2023) indicating that the Ebola virus creates and uses intercellular tunnels to move from cell to cell and evade treatments. "Our findings suggest that the virus can create its hiding place, hide, and then move to new cells and replicate," says Olena Shtanko, Ph.D., an Assistant Professor at Texas Biomed and senior author.

Ebolavirus Diagnostic Tests

A novel patch-based ebolavirus diagnostic test was announced in August 2023.

Ebolavirus Disease

The Ebolavirus family Filoviridae includes three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, six species have been identified: Sudan, Zaire, Bundibugyo, Reston, Taï Forest, and Bombali. Ebola viruses (EBOV) assemble into filamentous virions whose shape and stability are determined by the matrix viral protein 40 (VP40). The pH-driven structural remodeling of the VP40 matrix acts as a molecular switch coupling viral matrix uncoating to membrane fusion during EBOV entry. According to the WHO, EVD is transmitted to people from wild animals and spread through human-to-human transmission, with case fatality rates varying from 25% to 90%. The time from infection with the Ebola virus to symptom onset, including fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat, can range from 2 to 21 days.

5 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Thursday, September 4, 2025 - 11:50

Description:

Zaire and Sudan ebolavirus outbreaks began in 1976 and continue in Africa.

Condition:

Ebola

Polio Vaccines

Polio Vaccines December 2025

As of 2025, two types of poliomyelitis vaccines are in use, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the United Kingdom's NHS, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV) was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955 and has been offered in the U.S. since 2000. IPVs produce antibodies in the blood that target all three types of poliovirus, thereby preventing the virus from spreading. The live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by Dr. Albert Sabin in 1961.

The WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization (SAGE) recommended that fractional doses of Sabin-based IPV be used in the same way as fractional doses of Salk-based IPV. As of December 2025, the SAGE also supported the broader rollout of the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) to help stop persistent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2).

In September 2024, the SAGE expressed support for planning the eventual global cessation of use of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (bOPV). The Global OPV Stockpile Strategy for 2022-2026 was published in 2023.

As of 2025, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) states that the OPV contains a weakened strain of the poliovirus that has evolved over time and now behaves similarly to wild-type polio infections. In addition, OPV can mutate sufficiently to regain virulence and lead to vaccine-derived poliovirus, which can paralyze an unvaccinated person. OPVs not only eradicated serotype two but also reduced mortality among young children. The OPV confers cross-protection against non-polio enteroviruses, respiratory viruses, and herpes viruses due to the early activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells via pattern-recognition receptors, the reconfiguration of innate immune cells through epigenetic manipulation, and cross-reaction between B cells and T cells, among other mechanisms.

Polio Vaccinations U.S. CDC

The IPV vaccine has been available in the U.S. since 2000. As of August 2025, the CDC says the IPV can reduce the amount of poliovirus people shed, but can't stop all virus transmission. The CDC published a poliovirus vaccine update, recommending that children receive four doses of any combination of IPV and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) or a primary series of at least three doses of IPV or tOPV. The OPV is not offered in the U.S. Since 1961, the FDA has required testing to ensure that polio vaccines used in the United States are free of SV40 contamination.

Polio Vaccine Effectiveness

Estimates of vaccine effectiveness against paralytic polio range from 36% to 89% for a single dose, and IPV vaccination appears to reduce the mean amount of shed poliovirus by 63% to 91%. Research indicates no significant differences in the odds of poliovirus shedding between individuals with IPV and those who are unvaccinated. A U.S. CDC-funded study published by The Lancet on May 10, 2023, concluded that co-administration of nOPV2 and bOPV interfered with immunogenicity for poliovirus type 2 but not for types 1 and 3. The blunted nOPV2 immunogenicity we observed would be a significant drawback of co-administration as a vaccination strategy.

Polio Vaccine Booster Dose

On December 4, 2023, the U.S. CDC MMWR published updated recommendations for the use of IPV for adults known to be unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated. States that fully vaccinated adults are at increased risk for poliovirus exposure may receive a single lifetime booster dose of IPV. The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), led by Oliver Brooks, MD, FAAP, reviewed poliovirus, polio vaccination, and polio epidemiology on June 21, 2023. The ACIP's Proposed Language: Adults who have received a primary series of tOPV or IPV in any combination and are at increased risk of poliovirus exposure may receive another (booster) dose of IPV. Available data do not indicate the need for more than one lifetime booster dose for adults with IPV. Sarah Kidd, MD, MPH, led the ACIP presentation on Adult Polio Vaccination: Recommendations for Unvaccinated and Incompletely Vaccinated Adults, as well as Recommendations for Booster Doses of IPV.

Polio Vaccines 2025

IMARC Group's new report indicates that the poliomyelitis vaccine market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 5.04% from 2024 to 2034.

PT Bio Farma and Biological E. Limited produce the WHO-prequalified nOPV2 vaccine. As of July 2024, approximately one billion doses have been administered in more than 35 countries worldwide.

The Imovax Polio® (IPOL® IPV) vaccine is indicated for active immunization of infants (as young as six weeks), children, and adults to prevent poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. The IPV protects against both wild-type polio and this weakened poliovirus strain. On February 28, 2024, the CDC vaccine committee reviewed the Clinical Considerations for Children Who Received a Fractional Dose of Inactivated Poliovaccine. Refer to the ACIP IPV catch-up vaccine table for details and age groups.

Kinrix is indicated as the fifth dose in the IPV series for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis in children ages 4 through 6.

Pediarix is a vaccine for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and infection caused by all known subtypes of the hepatitis B virus, as well as poliomyelitis.

Pentacel is a multi-vaccine that contains diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis adsorbed, as well as inactivated poliovirus (DTaP-IPV), which is common, and an ActHIBHIB vaccine component.

Quadracel vaccine is indicated for active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis.

SanShantha Biotechnics manufactures Sanofi's IMOVAX-Polio IPV vaccine in Hyderabad and has been used in over 100 countries for more than 40 years. ShanIPV IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine developed by Shantha Biotechnics. It received WHO prequalification status and was produced by Sanofi in Hyderabad, India, until December 2023. Sanofi Pasteur became the first contributor to IPV in India in March 2014.

Sabin IPV, an inactivated vaccine produced by SINOVAC Biotech Ltd., is indicated for preventing the wild poliovirus and was WHO-prequalified in June 2022.

LGChem (Eupolio) is the first attenuated Sabin-IPV to obtain WHO prequalification. The main advantage is a lower biosafety risk.

SINOVAC's sIPV polio vaccine was WHO-prequalified in June 2022 to prevent poliomyelitis caused by infection with types I, II, and III polioviruses. sIPV is available for purchase by United Nations agencies.

Bio Farma bOPV Bivalent Type 1 & 3 Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine.

Bilthoven Biologicals produces an inactivated polio vaccine and plans to collaborate with Bharat Bio to develop an OPVtech.

Codagenix Inc. received funding to apply its proprietary synthetic biology technology to fortify nOPV strains against recombination with other enteroviruses, thereby further reducing the risk of emergence of potentially neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses.

Novel Oral Polio Vaccine

Since the nOPV2 vaccine launched in Africa, approximately 2 billion doses have been administered in more than 29 countries. The U.S. CDC confirmed the nOPV2 vaccine is more genetically stable and less likely to be associated with the emergence of cVDPV2.

Bio Farma manufactures novel OPVs against polio types 1 and 3, and they are undergoing several clinical studies sponsored by PATH. A study published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on August 13, 2025, showed results of a phase 1 randomized controlled trial that the novel live attenuated type 1 and 3 oral polio vaccines (nOPV1 and nOPV3) have a favorable safety profile and produce a comparable immune response and viral-shedding profile as the homotypic monovalent (single-strain) Sabin-strain oral vaccines (mOPVs).

Polio Vaccination United Kingdom

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) confirmed that an IPV Booster campaign was launched in London on September 29, 2022, targeting children aged 1 in 2022. The polio vaccine is part of the NHS childhood vaccination schedule.

Polio Vaccine Fractional Dose

In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a global shortage of IPV, specifically in India. In response, WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommended a strategic shift to fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV), a smaller dose of the same vaccine equivalent to 1/5 of a standard dose, according to the GPEI. Studies show that two doses of fractional-dose IPV administered intradermally produce a more robust immune response than a single full-dose Dose.

Polio Vaccine Price

The U.S. CDC confirms that the Vaccines For Children program is federally funded and provides IPV vaccines and medicines at no cost to children who might not otherwise be vaccinated due to inability to pay. The U.S. CDC Vaccine Price List was updated in 2023. This UNICEF table provides an overview. For people in the U.S. without health insurance, a polio booster typically costs around $100. For example, pharmacies may charge about $100 for an IPV polio booster shot.

Polio Vaccine Misinformation Management

Yale Institute for Global Health and The Public Good Projects partnered in 2020 to create the Vaccine Misinformation Management Field Guide. This guide aims to help organizations address the global infodemic by developing strategic, well-coordinated national action plans to counter vaccine misinformation and build demand for vaccinations rapidly, informed by social listening. The Digital Community Engagement (DCE) initiative recruits digital volunteers through an interactive online platform, uInfluence, to promote accurate information on polio and vaccines. In 2022, over 5 million online social listening results were analyzed from 41 countries in more than 100 languages.

Polio Vaccine Transition

In 2016, the CDC announced that to address the risks posed by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, the type 2 component of the OPV was withdrawn through a switch from the tOPV to the bOPV, which contains only attenuated viruses of types 1 and 3. However, the bOPV vaccine does not offer immunity against serotype 2. This change reduced the risk of tOPV seeding new cVDPV2 outbreaks in the U.S.

The GPEI reports that, before April 2016, the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV), which contains types 1, 2, and 3, was the predominant vaccine used for routine immunization against poliovirus. Before the development of tOPV, monovalent OPVs (mOPV2) were developed in the early 1950s but were discontinued upon the adoption of tOPV. Following April 2016, the tOPV was replaced with the bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV). As of February 2023, the tOPV remains used with children in countries such as Somalia. On August 9, 2023, the Strategy Committee of the GPEI announced that it had commissioned a formal evaluation of the 2016 global withdrawal of Sabin poliovirus type 2 (OPV2), the switch from tOPV to bOPV. The review aims to generate critical lessons learned from the OPV2 withdrawal to guide the direction of the GPEI, including future OPV withdrawal efforts. The finalization and publication of the evaluation are planned for mid-2024. On May 12, 2023, the CDC reported that from January to 021 March 31, 2023, GPEI supported 48 countries, during which approximately 988 million bOPV, 616,000 IPV, 960,000 fractional IPV, 90 million mOPV2, 595 million nOPV2, and 100 million tOPV doses were administered. The 6th Transition Independent Monitoring Board report was published on August 2, 2023, evaluating the progress and challenges of the polio transition process and recommending strengthening work at the global, regional, and country levels.

Poliovirus Outbreaks

The latest news on polio outbreaks is posted by Vax-Before-Travel in 2025.

10 min read

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Last Reviewed:

Saturday, December 13, 2025 - 10:55

Description:

Polio vaccines are available globally in 2025

Condition:

Polio

VIR-2482 Influenza Monoclonal Antibody

VIR-2482 Monoclonal Antibody 2023

Vir Biotechnology VIR-2482 is an investigational intramuscularly administered influenza A-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to protect people against seasonal and pandemic influenza. Due to its broad strain coverage of diseases, it has the potential to overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines and lead to meaningfully higher levels of protection due to its broad strain coverage and because it does not rely on individuals to create their protective antibody response. In vitro, VIR-2482 has been shown to protect all significant strains of influenza A. VIR-2482 incorporates Xencor's Xtend™ Technology and has also been half-life engineered so that a single dose can last the entire flu season.

Under the collaboration agreement signed with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in 2021. GSK has an exclusive option to lead the post-Phase 2 development and commercialization of VIR-2482. VIR-2482 is partly funded with federal funds from the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), under Other Transaction Number: 75A50122C00081. BARDA's initial investment of approximately $55 million will support the Phase 2 PENINSULA trial. In addition, the multi-year contract also allows for a potential total investment of up to $1 billion for the clinical development of additional future pandemic influenza monoclonal antibodies, as well as the possible development of up to 10 emerging infectious disease or Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear medical countermeasure candidates.

VIR-2482 has completed a Phase 1 clinical trial. On July 20, 2023, Vir Biotechnology, Inc. announced that the phase 2 PENINSULA trial evaluating VIR-2482 for preventing symptomatic influenza A illness did not meet primary or secondary efficacy endpoints.

Vir Biotechnology is a commercial-stage immunology company in San Francisco, CA, focused on combining immunologic insights with cutting-edge technologies to treat and prevent serious infectious diseases.

VIR-2482 Indication

VIR-2481 is currently being developed to prevent influenza A viruses and pandemic influenza. Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications. Pandemic influenza is an infectious airborne respiratory disease that is unpredictable in timing and severity and for which humans have little or no immunity.

VIR-2482 News

July 20, 2023 - "Although, these topline data are disappointing, further analysis is necessary to better understand these outcomes, which we plan to present at a major medical congress," said Phil Pang, M.D., Ph.D., Vir's Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer and Interim Head of Research.

December 21, 2022 - Vir Biotechnology has enrolled approximately 3,000 participants in their Phase 2 PENINSULA (PrevEntioN of IllNesS DUe to InfLuenza A) trial.

October 18, 2022 - Vir Biotechnology, Inc. announced that the first participant had been dosed in the Phase 2 PENINSULA trial evaluating VIR-2482 for preventing illness due to influenza A.

October 4, 2022 - The U.S. Government's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority announced an initial investment of $55 million for the ongoing and rapid development of VIR-2482. The multi-year contract has the potential for up to $1 billion to aGovernment'sevelopment of a full portfolio of innovative solutions to address influenza and potentially other infectious disease threats.

February 17, 2021 - GlaxoSmithKline plc and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. announced they have signed a binding agreement to expand their existing collaboration to include the research and development of new therapies for influenza and other respiratory viruses.

December 31, 2022 - the U.S. NIH published: VIR-2482: A potent and broadly neutralizing antibody for preventing influenza A illness.

March 25, 2020 - Xencor, Inc. announced it has entered into a technology license agreement with Vir Biotechnology, Inc., in which Vir will have non-exclusive access to Xencor's Xtend™ Fc technology to extend the half-life of novel antibodies that Vir is investigating as potential treatments for patients with COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

VIR-2482 Clinical Trials

VIR-2482 has been studied in a phase 1 clinical trial. The Phase 2 PENINSULA study was last Updated on December 20, 2022.

0 min read

Manufacturer:

Vir Biotechnology

Reviewer:

Robert Carlson, MD

Vaccine:

VIR-2482 Influenza Monoclonal Antibody

Generic:

VIR-2482

Drug Class:

Monoclonal Antibody

Clinical Trial Phase I:

Study of VIR-2482 in Healthy Volunteers

Clinical Trial Phase II:

Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of VIR-2482

Condition:

Influenza

Last Reviewed:

Thursday, July 20, 2023 - 09:20

Status:

Candidate

Manufacturer Country ID:

FDA First In Class:

Yes

Tampa Travel Vaccines

Tampa, Florida Travel Vaccines

Pre-departure travel vaccine appointments for chikungunya, dengue, measles, polio, yellow fever, and other vaccine-preventable diseases in Tampa (33624), Brandon, Hillsborough County, Clearwater (33760), Pinellas County, Wesley Chapel (33544), Pasco County, Florida, can be requested at Passport Health—Tampa.

Travel vaccination services in Tampa include but are not limited to the following vaccines:

Chikungunya - The VLA1553 vaccine was approved in late 2023 and will be available in 2024.

Cholera - WHO pre-qualified two-dose oral cholera vaccines will be available in 2024.

Dengue—Dengvaxia is no longer offered in Florida, and the QDENGA® will be available only outside the U.S. in 2024.

Malaria - Two malaria vaccines are offered in Africa in 2024: Mosquirix and R21.

Measles—Measles outbreaks continue in various countries in 2024. The measles-mumps-rubella vaccination (Proquad, Priorix, MMR) is available in Tampa.

Mpox - ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS vaccines are U.S. FDA-approved.

Polio - The IPOL vaccine is available in the U.S. Adults should consider a one-time booster before visiting polio-endemic countries.

Rabies - Various rabies vaccines can prevent infections before exposure to the rabies virus.

Typhoid - Both Vivotif and Typbar TCV vaccines are offered in 2024

Tuberculosis - The U.S. FDA-approved BCG vaccine is not widely used in the U.S.

Rotavirus - The Rotarix vaccine is available in Florida.

Yellow Fev —- The YF-Vax vaccine, yellow fever cards, and advice are offered in Tampa, Florida. Proof of yellow fever vaccination is required by various countries, including Africa and South America (Brazil), and encouraged by the U.S. CDC. The International Certificates of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVPareis) are available at certified centers following immunization. ICVPs eliminate documentation issues as they are checked at entry points (airport, cruise).

2 min read

Last Reviewed:

Monday, December 2, 2024 - 09:25

Description:

Travel vaccine services offered in Tampa Florida

Condition:

Chikungunya