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Nipah Virus Vaccine (PHV02)

Nipah Virus Vaccine (PHV02) 2023

The Nipah Virus Vaccine (PHV02) is a live, attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vector vaccine candidate that expresses the glycoprotein of the Nipah virus (Bangladesh strain) and the Ebola virus glycoprotein, which is required for receptor-mediated viral entry. The rVSV-Nipah vaccine was developed by the Laboratory of Dr. Heinz Feldmann within the Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) part of the U.S. NIH, and has been licensed to Public Health Vaccines by the NIAID.

Public Health Vaccines (PHV) has been developing the rVSV∆G-EBOV GP/NiV G vaccine candidate in partnership with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (CEPI) under an award of up to US$43.6 million that facilitates development through Phase 2 clinical trials, including supportive non-clinical and manufacturing activities. A Phase 1 clinical study evaluating the rVSV-Nipah Virus Vaccine Candidate PHV02 in Healthy Adult Subjects was last updated on April 20, 2022.

Nipah virus has caused outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2001 and occasionally in neighboring India, Singapore, and the Philippines.

Public Health Vaccines, LLC. (PHV), headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a privately-held biotechnology company developing products to prevent and control emerging infectious diseases. The company initially focused on creating vaccines against the Marburg virus and Sudan ebolavirus utilizing the rVSV platform in collaboration with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA).

Nipah Virus Overview

Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus whose wildlife reservoir is the fruit bat (genus Pteropus). Characteristics of Nipah virus infection that increase the risk of engendering a global pandemic include the susceptibility of humans and the high rate of mutation, which is inherent in RNA viruses. Together, these characteristics could support the emergence of a human-adapted strain capable of spreading rapidly by infecting communities with high population density and global interconnectedness.

Nipah Virus Vaccine (PHV02) News 2023

February 17, 2023 - The WHO announced that since 4 January 2023 and as of 13 February 2023, 11 cases (10 confirmed and one probable), including eight deaths (Case Fatality Rate 73%), have been reported across two divisions in Bangladesh.

March 15, 2022 - CEPI is expanding its partnership in Bangladesh, providing near to an additional $1 million in funding to advance understanding of the Nipah virus.

March 14, 2022 - PNAS published a Research Article: A recombinant VSV-vectored vaccine rapidly protects nonhuman primates against lethal Nipah virus disease.

February 9, 2022 - Public Health Vaccines, LLC  announced the start of its Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the company’s single-dose vaccine (PHV02) against the Nipah virus.

November 5, 2021 - CEPI published an article: Nipah virus: The deadly illness without a vaccine.

April 23, 2021 - GAVI, the vaccine alliance, examined the possibility of the Nipah virus causing another pandemic someday. The primary concern is that the Nipah virus is deadly, with up to a 75% mortality rate.

January 2021 - This study provides molecular and methodological information for the early detection of NiV in environmental samples to assess its epidemic potential in humans. It will also help in understanding the ecology of NiV. And the study revealed that the strains of NiV have been continuously evolving, and the NiV-BD genotype diverged from its ancestral during 1995 and formed two sublineages, NiV-BD 1 and 2. Furthermore, the occurrence of any particular sublineage of NiV strains was not limited to a specific outbreak region.

Nipah Virus Vaccine (PHV02) Clinical Trials

The Phase 1 clinical trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center, dose-response study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of three dose levels of PHV02 in 60 healthy adults in the U.S. Assuming favorable results, PHV plans to initiate a Phase 2 trial in 2022 in a disease-endemic region.

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rVSV∆G-EBOV GP/NiV G
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Flucelvax Influenza Vaccine

Flucelvax® Influenza Vaccine Clinical Trials, Efficacy, Indication, Side Effects

CSL Seqirus Flucelvax® is a cell culture-based influenza vaccine that protects people against various virus strains, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Flucelvax is the first and only trivalent cell-based influenza vaccine indicated for use in individuals six months and older who do not have the B/Yamagata influenza virus strain. Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 and 2016, Flucelvax is indicated (STN: BL 125408, BL 125408/586) for everyone six months and older eligible to receive an influenza vaccine for active immunization for the prevention of influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and types B contained in the vaccine.

Flucelvax is the first FDA-approved flu vaccine to use cells instead of chicken eggs. It represents the first significant advance in flu vaccine manufacturing technology since flu vaccine production began in the 1930s. This modern manufacturing process enables the flu shot to be antibiotic-free, helps protect against the four identified flu strains for the 2020-2021 season, and is well-tolerated. Moreover, cell-based flu vaccine production does not use flu viruses grown in eggs and is not dependent on the availability of eggs. Additionally, cell-based flu vaccines that utilize cell-based candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) can provide better protection than traditional, egg-based flu vaccines.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed in 2023 that viruses used to make cell-based vaccines may be more similar to circulating "wild" flu viruses than those used to make egg-based vaccines. Cell-based influenza vaccine technology may offer advantages over the standard influenza manufacturing process, including greater scalability and faster production during an influenza pandemic. On June 21, 2023, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) presented considerations and proposed recommendations for the 2023-2024 flu season in the U.S. On February 22, 2023, the CDC's ACIP agenda highlighted preliminary data on the effectiveness of cell-based influenza vaccines (i.e., Flucelvax) during the 2022-23 flu season.

On July 10, 2025, CSL Seqirus announced that the Company had commenced shipping its differentiated portfolio of influenza vaccines for the 2025/26 U.S. season. 

In the United Kingdom and European Union, Flucelvax is marketed as FLUCELVAX® TETRA.

CSL Seqirus reported on February 12, 2024, a half-year revenue of $ 1.804 billion, which was up 2% over the same period last year. In the U.S., CSL Seqirus operates a state-of-the-art cell-based manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, NC, purpose-built in partnership with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to increase cell-based vaccine manufacturing capacity and combat pandemic influenza threats. On August 15, 2023, the Company announced that significant progress had been made on constructing the new cell-culture influenza vaccine facility in Melbourne, which is expected to be operational by 2026. Seqirus is part of CSL Limited (ASX: CSL), headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. The CSL Group employs over 20,000 people in more than 60 countries.

Flucelvax Vaccine Effectiveness 

Additionally, data presented by the Marshfield Clinic Research Institute on February 22, 2023, demonstrated that cell-based influenza vaccines, such as FluecelVax, provided 71% effectiveness in children between 6 months and 18 years old and 54% effectiveness among adults aged 18 years and older.

Flucelvax Vaccine Indication

A six-month or longer age indication for FLUCELVAX is approved in the U.S., Argentina, Canada, Taiwan, Australia & New Zealand to prevent disease caused by influenza A and type B viruses in the vaccine. For additional information on Seqirus influenza vaccines for the upcoming flu season, as well as resources about vaccination campaigns and CDC guidance, visit flu360.com.

Flucelvax Vaccine Pediatric 

A study funded by Seqirus CLS and published on October 15, 2023, concluded that using a QIVc is effective in pediatric patients, with evidence of incremental benefits over using a QIVe in preventing hospitalizations and influenza-related medical encounters in nearly all published studies. The use of QIVc in pediatric populations is cost-effective when incorporated into a broader scheme that spans multiple age groups. The lack of potential for mismatch due to egg adaptation, combined with manufacturing benefits, means that cell-based influenza vaccines can play an essential role in population-level protection against Influenza.

Flucelvax Vaccine Pregnancy

On October 25, 2023, Gregg C. Sylvester, MD, MPH, Seqirus, presented at the ACIP Meeting - Pregnancy Outcomes with ccIIV4 (Flucelvax); Post Marketing Study. The independent expert committee found no evidence of a safety concern. These data support the use of ccIIV4 for immunization against Influenza in pregnant women and the fetus/infant population. Additionally, Nicky Klein, MD, PhD, Director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, presented the safety of the quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine in pregnant women and their infants. In summary, within a large population of influenza-vaccinated pregnant women, no differences were observed in pregnancy, birth, and neonatal/infant outcomes when comparing RIV4 with SD-IIV4. No safety concerns were identified after RIV4 use in pregnancy.

CSL Seqirus presented original safety data at the Infectious Diseases Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology annual meeting from a new prospective observational cohort study evaluating pregnancy outcomes and fetal events of interest following vaccination with the Company's cell-based Flucelvax QIVc. The study found no unexpected adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women in the U.S. who were vaccinated with QIVc.

On July 30, 2021, Seqirus announced a 'prospective observational cohort study that evaluated pregnancy outcomes and events of interest in the fetus or infant following vaccination with QIVc during any trimester. "Pregnant people (women) and people (women) who have recently given birth can be particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases like influenza," commented Christopher Robinson, M.D., MSCR, Charleston Maternal-Fetal Medicine and study author, in a press release. "These data provide further reassurance on the safe use of seasonal influenza vaccines in pregnant people (women)."

Flucelvax Vaccine Price

CSL Seqirus provides a coding and billing guide for healthcare providers. 

Flucelvax Vs. Egg-Based Vaccines

On December 19, 2023, the Original Research should have presented real-world evidence (RWE) evaluating clinical outcomes among seniors aged 65 years or older, indicating a superior clinical benefit of all adjuvanted trivalent vaccines over standard egg-derived quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines. In a meta-analysis of RWE from cohort design studies, the pooled estimate for the relative vaccine effectiveness of V3 compared with IIV4e for the prevention of influenza-related medical encounters was 13.7% (95% confidence interval: 3.1%–24.2%).

Flucelvax Vaccine Dosage

Flucelvax is a preservative- and latex-free vaccine for intramuscular injection only. It is available as a 0.5ml intramuscular vaccine per dose.

Flucelvax Vaccine Side Effects

CSL Seqirus published a FluCelVax vaccine side effect disclosure in 2016, followed by Australia, and the EMA updated Flucelvax Tetra in 2020. The most common (≥10%) local and systemic reactions in adults 18-64 years of age were injection site pain (45.4%), headache (18.7%), fatigue (17.8%), and myalgia (15.4%), injection site erythema (13.4%), and induration (11.6%), according to the U.S. FDA.

Flucelvax Vaccine News

July 10, 2025 - Stefan Merlo, Vice President of Commercial Operations, North America, CSL Seqirus, stated, "In light of this, we are fully committed to supporting our partners in their efforts to protect the health of their communities by offering a differentiated portfolio of flu vaccines with options designed to provide higher levels of protection compared to traditional vaccines, helping address factors that commonly impact vaccine effectiveness."

July 9, 2024 - CSL Seqirus announced that it has commenced shipping its differentiated portfolio of influenza vaccines.

July 1, 2024 - The U.S. FDA wrote: We hereby approve the draft content of labeling, including the Package Insert submitted on March 28, 2024, and the draft carton and container labels submitted on the same date, as well as under Amendment 2, dated June 3, 2024.

February 8, 2024 - "Influenza continues to cause a significant public health burden, and the agility to rapidly adapt vaccines to match the circulating strains remains paramount. We are proud to say that we have responded swiftly to meet the FDA's directive and are committed to working with health authorities to support this transition ahead of the 2024/25 flu season," said Gregg Sylvester, Chief Health Officer and Head of Medical Affairs, CSL Seqirus.

October 11, 2023 - CSL Seqirus announced new data from three studies supporting the clinical, public health, and economic value of cell-based and adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines. The data highlights the effectiveness and value of influenza vaccination in the U.S. across all relevant age groups, risk profiles, and influenza seasons with different levels of influenza burden.

August 15, 2023 - CSL Seqirus reported that FLUCELVAX® sales recently increased by 30%.

July 17, 2023 - CSL Seqirus announced it has begun to ship 55 million cell-based, adjuvanted, and egg-based influenza vaccines across the U.S.

September 26, 2022 - Seqirus published data that "show the benefits of adjuvanted and cell-based influenza vaccine technology advances, like aTIV and QIVc, in reducing influenza-related outcomes compared to high-dose or standard vaccines in the real-world setting," said Dr. Gregg Sylvester, Chief Health Officer

July 11, 2022 - CSL Seqirus announced the shipping of its influenza vaccines for the 2022/23 flu season. 

June 6, 2022 - Seqirus announced the completion of an expansion to its manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, N.C., which supports the formulation and fill-finish of cell-based influenza vaccines in pre-filled syringes for global communities. The U.S. FDA-approved manufacturing facility and pre-filled syringe line will allow Seqirus to increase its capacity to supply the U.S. market with FLUCELVAX® QUADRIVALENT vaccines.

June 2, 2022 - Seqirus announced its manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, North Carolina. It has successfully met all the criteria required to establish domestic manufacturing capability for cell-based seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, as outlined by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). Additionally, the joint investment enables Seqirus to sustain the production of differentiated seasonal cell-based influenza vaccines.

October 19, 2021 - Seqirus presented new real-world evidence (RWE) at the International Society for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Diseases (ISIRV) global meeting. Most notably, Seqirus' cell-based quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (QIVc) was more effective than standard, egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVe) in reducing influenza-related medical encounters (IRME) in children (aged ≥4 to ≤17) and adults (aged ≥18) during the 2019/20 U.S. influenza season.

October 15, 2021 - New Jersey-based Seqirus announced that the U.S. FDA had approved FLUCELVAX® QUADRIVALENT for an expanded age indication for children as young as six months old.

August 19, 2021 - Seqirus announced plans to accelerate the development of its next-generation messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology, self-amplifying messenger RNA (sa-mRNA), by establishing a dedicated sa-mRNA program. Seqirus is developing several sa-mRNA-based influenza vaccine candidates, with pre-clinical results demonstrating promise compared to more traditional influenza vaccine technologies. The Company targets clinical trials for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine candidates in the second half of 2022.

July 30, 2021 - The Flucelvax Quadrivalent Vaccine (QIVc) was safe for pregnant women. "These data provide additional safety information regarding unexpected pregnancy complications and/or fetal outcomes to healthcare providers considering vaccination to protect their pregnant patients from the flu," said Josephine van Boxmeer, lead Clinical Scientist for the study at Seqirus and an author. "We are committed to helping to protect as many people as possible against influenza, including those who are pregnant."

May 3, 2021 - Seqirus-US presented new Phase 3 clinical data demonstrating that the Company's cell-based quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (QIVc) was as safe and immunogenic as a standard quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (QIV) in children six months through <4 years of age during the U.S. 2019/20 influenza season.

March 18, 2021 - Seqirus announced that Health Canada had approved FLUCELVAX® QUADRIVALENT.

March 4, 2021 - Seqirus announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved FLUCELVAX® QUADRIVALENT (Influenza Vaccine), the Company's cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc), for an expanded age indication for people two years of age and older.

December 9, 2020 - Seqirus presented new real-world evidence at the European Scientific Working Group on Influenza 2020 showing the clinical benefits of a cell-based, quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (QIVc) in preventing influenza-related medical encounters compared to an egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVe) during the 2018 - 2019 influenza season.

October 29, 2020 - Seqirus presented absolute efficacy data on the Company's cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) from a randomized controlled trial, which met its primary endpoint in children and adolescents between ≥2 <18 years of age over three influenza seasons.

July 30, 2020 - Seqirus announced it has begun shipping its portfolio of seasonal influenza vaccines to customers in the U.S. for the 2020/21 influenza season. Seqirus is one of the world's largest influenza vaccine companies, well-positioned to supply up to 60 million doses to the U.S. market, depending on demand.

Flucelvax Clinical Trials

Seqirus continues to evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of QIVc in clinical trials.

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Availability: 
USA
Generic: 
QIVc
Drug Class: 
Cell Based Vaccine
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Saturday, July 12, 2025 - 07:25
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Flucelvax
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Zostavax Shingles Vaccine

Zostavax Shingles Zoster Vaccine

Merck's Zostavax is a live, attenuated varicella-zoster virus (weakened chickenpox virus) vaccine. The U.S. CDC says the zoster vaccine can be administered concurrently with all other live and inactivated vaccines, including those routinely recommended for people 60 years of age or older, such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccines,

Zostavax works by helping immune systems protect people from getting shingles. Herpes zoster (HZ), also known as "shingles," is caused by reactivation and multiplication of the ubiquitous varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that remains latent in everyone's sensory neurons following varicella, or "chickenpox." Among individuals who live to age 85, the lifetime risk for HZ is 50%, and more than one in five individuals affected by zoster develops post-herpetic neuralgia, resulting in chronic pain. If you do get shingles even though you have been vaccinated, ZOSTAVAX may help prevent the nerve pain that can follow shingles in some people.

In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration expanded the age indication for Zostavax to include people 50 through 59 years old for preventing herpes zoster. This decision was based on aan extensive study showing that the vaccine initially reduced the risk of zoster by approximately 70%. On May 22, 2020, Merck issued a letter informing healthcare providers that it will no longer sell ZOSTAVAX in the USA, effective July 1, 2020. This decision is unrelated to product safety or manufacturing issues and only affects vaccine customers in the USA.

Merck is the producer of Zostavax. UNII: GPV39ZGD8C

Zostervax Vaccine Protection

The BMJ published a study on September 29, 2023, that concluded ZOSTAVAX™ effectiveness waned substantially after 10 years, with protection low against herpes zoster but higher against postherpetic neuralgia.

Zostavax Vaccine Indication

Healthcare providers considering the herpes zoster vaccine for certain ages should discuss the risks and benefits of vaccination with their patients.  Zostavax is indicated for adults 50 years of age or older and helps boost the immune system against herpes zoster virus and shingles, says the US CDC. When administering the zoster vaccine to people 60 yr older, there is no need to ask for a varicella history or conduct laboratory testing for serologic evidence of prior varicella-zoster virus infection. Almost all people 60 years or older born in the United States have had a previous infection with the varicella-zoster virus.

Persons who report not having varicella can still receive the zoster vaccine. Therefore, laboratory testing to determine if there is evidence of past infection with the varicella-zoster virus is unnecessary. However, the zoster vaccine should not be administered to anyone who has ever had a life-threatening or severe allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or any other component of the shingles vaccine, or someone who has a weakened immune system, says the CDC.

Zostavax Vaccine Dosage

Zostavax is given as a single dose by injection under the skin. Zostavax cannot be used to treat Shingles or the nerve pain that may follow Shingles once you have it.

Zostavax Vaccine News

December 7, 2022 - U.S. District Court Justice Harvey Bartle dismissed 1,189 lawsuits after the plaintiffs failed to produce evidence that their cases of shingles were caused by the vaccine and not by a reactivated shingles virus.

September 28, 2021 - The Annals of Internal Medicine published Original Research: The Safety and Immunologic Effectiveness of the Live Varicella-Zoster Vaccine in Patients Receiving Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Therapy, A Randomized Controlled Phase 2 Trial. Suspected varicella infection or herpes zoster was clinically assessed using digital photographs and polymerase chain reaction on vesicular fluid. Between March 2015 and December 2018, 617 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive ZVL (n = 310) or placebo (n = 307) at 33 centers. The mean age was 62.7 years (SD, 7.5); 66.1% of participants were female, 90% were White, 8.2% were Black, and 5.9% were Hispanic. The most common TNFi indications were rheumatoid arthritis (57.6%) and psoriatic arthritis (24.1%); TNFi medications were adalimumab (32.7%), infliximab (31.3%), etanercept (21.2%), golimumab (9.1%), and certolizumab (5.7%). Concomitant therapies included methotrexate (48.0%) and oral glucocorticoids (10.5%). Through week 6, no cases of confirmed varicella infection were found; the cumulative incidence of varicella infection or shingles was 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0% to 1.2%). At six weeks, compared with baseline, the mean increases in geometric mean fold rise as measured by gpELISA and ELISpot were 1.33 percentage points (CI, 1.17 to 1.51 percentage points) and 1.39 percentage points (CI, 1.07 to 1.82 percentage points), respectively.

Zostavax Shingles Vaccine Clinical Trial

Post-Licensure Observational Study of the Long-term Effectiveness of ZOSTAVAX™. ZOSTAVAX™ (Zoster Vaccine Live) Long-term Effectiveness Study (V211-024).

Clinical Trial NCT03120364: Immunogenicity and Safety of NBP608 Compared to Zostavax in Healthy AAdultsAged 50 and Over. This is a phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group study to assess the Immunogenicity and safety of NBP608 compared to Zostavax, which is indicated for preventing herpes zoster.

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Zoster Vaccine Live
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Sunday, November 12, 2023 - 10:40
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Zostavax
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Yes
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YF-VAX Yellow Fever Vaccine

YF-VAX® Yellow Fever Vaccine Clinical Trials, Dosage, Efficacy, Side Effects

Sanofi Pasteur YF-VAX® vaccine is prepared by culturing the 17D-204 strain of yellow fever virus in living avian leukosis-free chicken embryos. YF-Vax contains sorbitol and gelatin as stabilizers, is lyophilized, and is hermetically sealed under nitrogen, and no preservative is added. The YF-VAX vaccine must be reconstituted immediately before using the sterile diluent provided (Sodium Chloride Injection USP). After reconstitution, YF-VAX is a slightly pink-brown suspension that meets the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for the yellow fever vaccine.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the YF-VAX vaccine (BL 103915103915/5220), and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Dept of Defense (DoD), and other health agencies have recommended YF-VAX since 2016. As of December 2025, the YF-VAX vaccine is commercailly available at certified clinics and travel pharmacies in the U.S.

The FDA reported that 'two live, attenuated yellow fever vaccines, strains 17D-204 and 17DD, were derived in parallel in the 1930s. Historical data suggest that "17D vaccines" have identical safety and immunogenicity profiles. Therefore, vaccination with 17D strain vaccines is expected to elicit an immune response similar to that elicited by wild-type infection. This response is presumed to result from the initial infection of cells in the dermis or other subcutaneous tissues near the injection site, with subsequent replication and limited spread of the virus leading to the processing and presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, as would occur during infection with wild-type yellow fever virus. Therefore, the humoral immune response to the viral structural proteins, as opposed to a cell-mediated response, is most important in the protective effect of 17D vaccines.

Sanofi Pasteur announced that effective April 5, 2021, YF-VAX® (NDC Code: 49281-915-01) became available again in the U.S. and is now available at authorized YF-VAX providers. According to the IHR (2005) third edition, the international vaccination certificate against yellow fever becomes valid 10 days after vaccination and remains valid throughout the vaccinated person's lifetime. 

The WHO publishes a list of countries requiring proof of yellow fever vaccination upon arrival.

Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi company, aims to ensure continued access to the yellow fever vaccine for travelers to international destinations where it is required or recommended. Sanofi is dedicated to supporting people through their health challenges. On December 26, 2020, the FDA licensed the new Sanofi Pasteur YF-VAX production facility, and doses are progressing through manufacturing. Efforts are underway to build an inventory and supply of YF-VAX, which will continue to be prioritized for the U.S. military.

Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics Strategy

The yellow fever (YF) virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus. It is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected mosquito. The WHO published the "Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics" global disease prevention strategy. The ten-year EYE Strategy is a worldwide coalition of over 50 partners in 40 countries that has been accelerating efforts to prevent yellow fever outbreaks, protect at-risk populations, and save lives worldwide since 2017. According to EYE Strategy data, 226 million more people in Africa have been protected from yellow fever through a single-dose vaccine.

Yellow Fever Boosters

The U.S. CDC states that a yellow fever vaccine booster dose is not necessary. The Brazilian government said that individuals who received a fractional dose of the yellow fever vaccine in 2018 and plan to travel to São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Roraima, and Tocantins in 2025 should receive an additional dose in the standard presentation. As of April 2024, the findings from a study support the International Health Regulations, stating that a single-dose yellow fever vaccination provides lifelong protection for travelers. 

YF-Vax Vaccine Price

Sanofi Pasteur and the U.S. CDC have confirmed the YF-VAX® vaccine is available in certified pharmacies and travel clinics. Sanofi's Patient Connection® offers various vaccine price savings. Sanofi has live support specialists at (800) 633-1610 to answer patients' questions. The CDC's Vaccines For Children program provides vaccines at no cost to qualifying children.

YF-VAX Vaccine Indication

Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to jaundice, a condition that affects some patients. The YF-VAX vaccine is indicated for active immunization to prevent yellow fever in individuals 9 months of age and older who are at increased risk of yellow fever, helping prevent them from contracting the disease. However, vaccination with YF-VAX may not protect all individuals. 

YF-VAX should not be given to individuals who have experienced a severe allergic reaction to eggs, egg products, or any vaccine component (gelatin). In addition, the following persons should not receive YF-VAX: infants younger than 9 months of age due to an increased risk of brain inflammation; breastfeeding women with infants younger than 9 months; and individuals with severely suppressed or compromised immune systems. Therefore, the risk of disease versus the risk of a severe adverse event should be assessed before vaccine administration. 

Geriatrics: YF-VAX® is indicated in persons 60 years of age and above. Pediatrics: YF-VAX® is indicated in persons nine months of age or older. Vaccination of infants under nine months of age IS CONTRAINDICATED because of the risk of encephalitis, and travel of such persons to rural areas in yellow fever endemic zones or countries experiencing an epidemic should be postponed or avoided whenever possible. Pregnant Women: Pregnant women should be considered for immunization only if travel to an area at risk of yellow fever is unavoidable. It is also unknown whether the YF-VAX vaccine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or affect reproductive capacity. Therefore, the YF-VAX vaccine should only be given to a pregnant woman if needed. Additionally, the seroconversion rate to 17D vaccines is significantly reduced in pregnant women. 

YF-VAX Vaccine Side Effects

YF-17D vaccines are considered among the safest and most efficacious vaccines available. Adverse events (AEs) following vaccination are usually mild. The most common side effects of YF-VAX include swelling and pain at the injection site, headache, generalized muscle aches or discomfort, and fever. Other side effects may occur. The YF-VAX vaccine should not be given to an individual who has experienced a severe allergic reaction to eggs, egg products, or a vaccine component using gelatin. A severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) may occur following the use of the YF-VAX vaccine, even in individuals with no prior history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine components. Rarely has the yellow fever vaccine been associated with a disease affecting multiple organs, including brain inflammation.

YF-VAX Vaccine Breastfeeding

Since 2010, there have been health concerns about lactating mothers breastfeeding infants following yellow fever vaccinations. As of 2023, two serious adverse events have been reported in breastfed infants whose mothers were vaccinated with the Yellow Fever vaccine. Until more information is available, the U.S. CDC recommends avoiding the Yellow Fever vaccine in breastfeeding women.

YF-VAX Vaccine Drug Interactions

Data are limited regarding drug interactions of the YF-VAX vaccine with other vaccines, such as the Measles (Schwartz strain) vaccine and the diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine adsorbed. Hepatitis A and B vaccines, meningococcal vaccine (Menomune A/C/Y/W-1), typhoid vaccine (Typhim Vi), and the yellow fever vaccine have been administered at separate injection sites. No data exist on possible interference between yellow fever, rabies, or Japanese encephalitis vaccines.

YF-VAX Vaccine Immunocompromised

A meta-analysis published in August 2022 concluded that there are theoretical contraindications to the use of the YF vaccine in immunocompromised individuals; however, the increased risk of adverse events has not been confirmed.

YF-VAX Vaccine Breakthrough Infections

As documented in the literature, breakthrough infections with the yellow fever vaccine are rare. In December 2024, a study found that the pooled percentage of verified yellow fever breakthrough infections among probable and confirmed cases was 3% (95% CI 1-19%). No confirmed breakthrough infections have occurred 10 years or more after vaccination against yellow fever.

YF-VAX Vaccine Dosage

YF-VAX is administered as a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL of reconstituted vaccine. Do not administer YF-VAX by intravascular, intramuscular, or intradermal routes. A single dose protects most people for ten years. Sanofi Pasteur's complete YF-VAX Vaccine Prescribing Information is available. The vial stoppers for YF-VAX and diluent are not made with natural rubber latex.

Yellow Fever International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis

Certain countries may require travelers to be vaccinated against yellow fever to protect individual travelers and countries from the risk of importing or spreading the yellow fever virus. These requirements apply to the country you will be visiting; in that case, you may need the 'yellow fever card,' the International Certificate of Vaccination (ICVP), or Prophylaxis as proof of vaccination. The ICVP becomes effective 10 days after vaccination.

YF-VAX Vaccine News

April 15, 2025 - The U.S. CDC issued a Level 2 Travel Health Advisory for the yellow fever outbreak in South America.

December 30, 2023 - Study: Phylogenetic analysis reveals a new introduction of the Yellow Fever virus in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2023.

October 28, 2023 - The Africa CDC confirmed active yellow fever outbreaks in seven countries.

March 21, 2023 - Study: Enhanced safety surveillance of yellow fever vaccine provided under the expanded access investigational new drug program in the USA.

April 25, 2023 - The PAHO confirmed additional yellow fever cases and related fatalities.

January 15, 2023 - The WHO Africa reported one yellow fever-related fatality in an unvaccinated young woman in Guinea.

January 3, 2023 - The WHO African Region reassessed the risk at the regional level as moderate in December 2022, after it was previously reported as high in November 2021 and June 2022. The global risk remains low, as no cases related to this current African outbreak have been reported outside the African region. 

September 2, 2022 - According to the WHO EYE strategy, twenty-seven African countries are at high risk for yellow fever based on the timing and intensity of yellow fever virus transmission, transmission potential, and urban risk assessment. The risk of a global outbreak is assessed as low, as no exported cases of yellow fever linked to these 12 countries with probable or confirmed cases have been reported since January 2021.

July 31, 2022 - According to the U.S. CDC, approximately thirty countries are considered 'endemic' for the mosquito-borne yellow fever virus. 

March 8, 2022: BMC reported on the 'Changing epidemiology of yellow fever virus in Oyo State, Nigeria.'

April 5, 2021 - The U.S. CDC confirmed that Sanofi Pasteur announced that YF-VAX is again available for purchase in the USA. Providers with a current Yellow Fever Vaccination Stamp issued by their state or territorial health department may order YF-VAX from the manufacturer.

December 23, 2020—Sanofi Pasteur confirmed that the U.S. Expanded Access Investigational Drug Application Program (EAP) for STAMARIL® would continue into 2021. Therefore, when YF-VAX returns, a brief transition period will precede discontinuation of the STAMARIL EAP.

June 25, 2020 - The U.S. FDA has licensed Sanofi Pasteur's new U.S. YF-VAX vaccine production facility, and doses are progressing through manufacturing. 

December 23, 2019 - Sanofi has collaborated with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to provide the STAMARIL vaccine through an Expanded Access Program (EAP) during the YF-VAX vaccine shortage.

August 6, 2019 - The U.S. FDA approved an Expanded Approval Letter for the YF-VAX yellow fever vaccine.

May 2, 2019 – The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed a new state-of-the-art yellow fever vaccine production facility in the USA. According to a statement from Sanofi Pasteur, the transition to YF-VAX production is ongoing.

January 25, 2018 - Brazil launched a mass immunization campaign to deliver fractional doses of the yellow fever vaccine to residents of 69 municipalities in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. 

June 15, 2016 - FDA Approval Letter - To revise the YF-VAX  package insert to align Booster Dosing language with recent changes to International Health Regulations and WHO/ACIP recommendations and modify the text throughout the document to clarify and update the presented information.

YF-VAX Yellow Fever Vaccine Clinical Trials

YF-VAX continues to be studied in various clinical trials.

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Availability: 
About 70 countries
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17D-204
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Last Reviewed: 
Tuesday, December 16, 2025 - 08:50
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YF-VAX®
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IXCHIQ Chikungunya Vaccine

IXCHIQ® Chikungunya Vaccine (VLA1553) Clinical Trials, Dosage, Efficacy, Indication, Side Effects

Valneva SE's IXCHIQ® Chikungunya Vaccine, Live (VLA1553) is the first approved monovalent, single-dose, live-attenuated vaccine. As of 2023, IXCHIQ® was the first vaccine approved to address chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in adults at increased risk of exposure to the mosquito-transmitted disease. IXCHIQ is based on an infectious clone (CHIKV LR2006-OPY1) that has been attenuated by deleting a significant gene encoding the non-structural replicase complex protein nsP3, thereby protecting against various Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) phylogroups and strains. IXCHIQ is designed for prophylactic and active immunization against CHIKV infections in individuals aged 1 year and above. Recombumin®, a chemically defined, human- and animal-origin-free recombinant human albumin, enables the manufacture and formulation of IXCHIQ. 

IXCHIQ was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, STN: 125777) on November 9, 2023. The FDA's Summary Basis for Regulatory Action was posted on December 8, 2023. On August 22, 2025, the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research suspended the biologics license for IXCHIQ.

The FDA awarded Valneva a tropical disease priority review voucher under a provision in the FDA Amendments Act of 2007. In 2021, the IXCHIQ vaccine program received FDA Fast Track (2018) and Breakthrough Therapy Designation. The FDA published complete prescribing information at this link. The U.S. Defense Health Agency – Immunization Healthcare Division has published guidance authorizing IXCHIQ as a U.S. Department of Defense countermeasure for Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). On August 7, 2025, Valneva announced that the FDA had removed its recommended pause in the use of IXCHIQ® in individuals 60 years of age and older and has approved updates to the Prescribing Information for IXCHIQ® in the U.S. for the prevention of disease caused by the CHIKV in individuals 18 years of age and older who are at high risk of exposure to CHIKV. Furthermore, the product's Warnings and Precautions section has been expanded, particularly for individuals aged 65 or older and those with one or more chronic medical conditions.

On May 9, 2025, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended IXCHIQ for individuals aged 59 and younger, while reports of serious adverse events, including neurologic and cardiac events, in older individuals who have received the vaccine are being investigated. On April 16, 2025, the U.S. CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) updated its recommendation for using the IXCHIQ vaccine to prevent disease caused by the CHIKV. The ACIP recommended IXCHIQ for persons traveling to countries or territories with chikungunya outbreaks. In 2025, the ACIP also noted that IXCHIQ may be indicated in higher-risk settings, such as Réunion and Mayotte in France, given the known risks of severe chikungunya disease and hospitalization. On June 26, 2025, Dr. Lyle Petersen presented this information during the ACIP vaccine meeting. The HHS Secretary adopted these recommendations on May 13, 2025, and they are now official recommendations of the CDC.

On April 1, 2025, Valneva SE announced that the European Commission (EC) had granted marketing authorization in the European Union for IXCHIQ to prevent disease caused by the chikungunya virus. In Europe, IXCHIQ is intended for individuals aged 12 to 64 years. As of July 11, 2025, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) announced that it would lift the temporary restriction on vaccinating people aged 65 years and above, following a thorough review of IXCHIQ by the EMA's safety committee.

On March 31, 2025, Valneva announced that it submitted a label extension application to the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to expand access to IXCHIQ for adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. On April 14, 2025, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) granted marketing authorization for IXCHIQ.

On July 25, 2025, the EMA's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use confirmed the recommendation of the Agency's safety committee following a review of serious side effects of Ixchiq. On August 18, 2025, Health Canada granted marketing authorization for IXCHIQ®.

On September 30, 2025, the Company announced positive antibody persistence data four years after vaccination with a single dose of IXCHIQ®.

On December 8, 2025, a phase 3 clinical study funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and the EU Horizon 2020 concluded that VLA1553 was generally safe and induced seroprotective titres up to 12 months in nearly all adolescents, with favourable safety data in those who were seropositive. The data support the use of VLA1553 for the prevention of disease caused by the chikungunya virus among adolescents and in endemic regions.

Saint-Herblain, France-based Valneva SE (Nasdaq: VALN; Euronext Paris: VLA) is a specialty vaccine company that develops vaccines to prevent diseases with significant unmet medical needs. Valneva's commercial portfolio comprises three travel vaccines: IXIARO/JESPECT, DUKORAL, and IXCHIQ. The Company's website presents the 2024 Annual Business Report and 2023 Sustainability Report, outlining activities and prospective priorities, as mandated by French Decree No. 2017-1265 of August 9, 2017. On April 23, 2025, Valneva was awarded Best Biotech of 2025 at the 16th Annual Vaccine Industry Excellence Awards. On April 3, 2024, Valneva announced it had won the Best Prophylactic Vaccine at the Vaccine Industry Excellence Awards 2024. Valneva won the Breakthrough of the Year on June 14, 2024, for its Chikungunya vaccine at the 2024 European Mediscience Awards.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Availability

As of October 2025, IXCHIQ was available for adults in AsiaCanada, Europe, France (Réunion and Mayotte), the United Kingdom, and the Virgin Islands. Valneva has supplied approximately 80,000 doses of IXCHIQ to various countries. Since the start of 2025, Valneva has focused on launching the vaccine in additional countries, including the Nordics and Austria. By 2026, Valneva intends to enable access to the chikungunya vaccine in India and Brazil by promoting local manufacturing and facilitating access through technology transfers. In Asia, an exclusive license agreement with the Serum Institute of India complements an existing agreement with Instituto Butantan in the Americas.

On May 31, 2024, the European Commission (EMA/271910/2024) recommended the vaccine. The UK's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approved IXCHIQ to protect adults against chikungunya disease. On December 19, 2024, Valneva SE and Serum Institute of India (SII) announced an exclusive license agreement to supply IXCHIQ in Asia. As of 2025, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) is reviewing IXCHIQ's marketing application. To make the vaccine more accessible to Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Valneva and Instituto Butantan in Brazil signed an agreement in January 2021 to develop, manufacture, and market VLA1553.

On March 24, 2025, Valneva announced an agreement, supported by the local public health agency, Agence Régionale de Santé La Réunion, to provide 40,000 vaccine doses starting on April 7, 2025, with an option to supply additional doses. This supply of doses, paid for by the French authorities, aligns with the recommendation of France's national public health agency, the Haute Autorité de Santé, to prioritize vaccination for adults with comorbidities. IXCHIQ remains available in France, on the mainland, and throughout the overseas territories.

IXCHIQ Vaccine CHIKV Cross-Neutralization

A Research Article published on March 10, 2025, analyzed the plaque reduction neutralization of three CHIKV lineages: the East Central South African, West African, and Asian. These lineages were inhibited by CHIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies present in sera from vaccinated humans. This effect was independent of the time elapsed since vaccination. Moreover, the magnitude of the immune response was similar to the observed in sera from convalescent chikungunya patients.

IXCHIQ Vaccine U.S. CDC Reviews

The ACIP approved recommendations for the use of IXCHIQ among travelers and laboratory workers in February 2024. On October 23, 2024, the ACIP reviewed an update to IXCHIQ. The long-term persistence clinical trial is ongoing, with a 97% seroresponse rate at 2 years. Monitoring will continue for 10 years to determine if a booster dose is needed.

On June 26, 2024, the U.S. CDC ACIP reviewed the following presentations on IXCHIQ and Chikungunya virus. On February 28, 2024, the ACIP reviewed Key points from the FDA licensure and package insert, as well as proposed policy options for the use of the chikungunya vaccine among U.S. adults traveling abroadlaboratory workers, and pregnant and breastfeeding women. On February 29, 2024, Valneva SE announced that the ACIP voted to recommend the use of IXCHIQ® for the prevention of CHIKV-related diseases.

Dr. Beth Bell presented proposed policy options for the use of a chikungunya vaccine among U.S. adults traveling abroad at the ACIP meeting on October 26, 2023. On June 22, 2023, the ACIP reviewed the following presentations: ACIP Work Group timeline (tentative) and the value of a vaccine to prevent travel-related Chikungunya for U.S. persons. On February 23, 2023, the ACIP presentations included: Introduction by Dr. Beth Bell; Global Epidemiology of Chikungunya, presented by Dr. Susan Hills; Chikungunya in U.S. travelers, presented by Ms. Nicole Lindsey; Persistent arthralgia Chikungunya, also presented by Ms. Nicole Lindsey; and Workgroup considerations, also presented by Ms. Nicole Lindsey. During the ACIP meeting on October 19, 2022, Katrin Dubischar, VP and Program Director of the Chikungunya Vaccine, delivered the introduction to the VLA1553 Chikungunya Vaccine Candidate, Evidence Supporting the Serological Endpoint, and an overview of the clinical study. VLA1553 is an efficient and safe intervention that offers high seroprotection against chikungunya virus infection. This virus is likely to spread globally, and there is an urgent need for long-lasting prophylaxis.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Efficacy

Among the 254 healthy adults still followed in a clinical trial, as of September 30, 2025, 95% maintained neutralizing antibody titers well above the seroresponse threshold4 four years after the single-dose vaccination. The persistence of antibodies in older adults (aged 65+) was comparable to that in younger adults (18-64 years of age) in terms of geometric mean titers and seroresponse rates.

On June 5, 2025, Valneva announced positive six-month antibody persistence and safety data for its Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of two different dose levels of IXCHIQ. The VLA1553-221 trial's six-month results were in line with the initial data the Company reported for this trial in January 2025 and are intended to support a pivotal Phase 3 study in children, which the Company expects to initiate in the first quarter of 2026.

On January 20, 2025, Valneva SE reported IXCHIQ® showed a sustained 98.3% sero-response rate one year after a single vaccination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases published results from a phase 3b study, concluding that after a single dose of VLA1553, Chikungunya virus-neutralizing antibodies remained above the protective threshold and persisted for up to two years. There were no long-term serious adverse events related to vaccination. Valneva announced on December 3, 2024, that among the 278 healthy adults still enrolled in a clinical trial, 96% maintained neutralizing antibody titers well above the seroresponse threshold three years after receiving a single dose of the vaccine.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Indication

IXCHIQ targets long-term protection against the Chikungunya virus but may not protect all individuals against the disease. The U.S. CDC recommends vaccination for individuals traveling to a country with a chikungunya outbreak. The CDC issued an updated Level 2 Travel Health Advisory confirming that chikungunya vaccination is recommended for adults traveling to destinations with a chikungunya outbreak, such as Brazil. In Europe, IXCHIQ is authorized for individuals aged 12 to 65. The EMA states that this vaccine should only be used when there is a significant risk of Chikungunya, after careful consideration of the benefits and risks. 

On April 25, 2025, France's national public health agency, the French Health Authority, suspended its recommendation for use of the vaccine in that older age range pending further investigation.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Pediatric Indication

On June 5, 2025, positive six-month antibody persistence and safety data for its Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of two different dose levels of its single-shot chikungunya vaccine, IXCHIQ®, in 304 children, were announced. A full dose (licensed IXCHIQ formulation and presentation) elicited a more robust immune response in children aged 1 to 11 years at Day 15 and Day 180 post-vaccination compared to a half dose. Overall, the immunological response profile was consistent with that previously observed in adults and adolescents. The strong immune response was confirmed in CHIKV-naïve children with a 96.5% seroresponse rate (full dose) at Day 180. VLA1553 was well tolerated in these children regardless of the dose or previous CHIKV infection. No safety concerns were identified. The comparability of the VLA1553 doses tested in terms of safety and tolerability, along with the more pronounced immune response observed for the full dose in all age groups tested in children up to Day 180 post-vaccination, supports the selection of the full dose for use in this population.

On January 22, 2025, Valneva announced that VLA1553-221 met its primary endpoint, demonstrating that the vaccine was well tolerated by children aged one to eleven years, regardless of the dose (half dose or full dose) or previous CHIKV infection, and, to a similar extent, by an active control MenACYW vaccine. Overall, the safety profile was consistent with the profile observed in Valneva's pivotal Phase 3 trials in adults and adolescents. An independent Data Safety Monitoring Board confirmed the absence of any safety concerns. Valneva's vaccine was highly immunogenic in both dose groups. A full dose of the vaccine elicited a more robust immune response than a half dose, as evidenced by protective antibody titers already present at Days 15 and 29, confirming the immunogenicity previously observed in adults and adolescents.

A modeling study published on May 1, 2025, concluded that a disease-blocking vaccine with 75% efficacy deployed in 40% of individuals aged ≥12 years over 3 months would have prevented 34,200 (95% CI 30,900–38,000) cases, representing 23% of all cases, and 73 (95% CI 66–81) deaths.

On January 10, 2024, Valneva announced that the first participant had been vaccinated in a Phase 2 clinical immunogenicity study evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of two doses of Valneva's single-shot chikungunya vaccine in children. On December 4, 2023, Valneva reported a 97% seroresponse rate 24 months after a single dose of IXCHIQ, with no safety concerns. On November 13, 2023, Valneva reported positive pivotal Phase 3 immunogenicity data in adolescents. VLA1553, administered as a single dose, was generally well tolerated in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years, regardless of previous CHIKV infection, and exhibited a safety profile similar to that reported in adults. These results complement the initial Phase 3 safety data the Company reported for the trial in August 2023.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Dosage

VLA1553 is administered intramuscularly with a single dose. At clinical trial centers in Illinois and Alabama, U.S., healthy volunteers aged 18–45 years were randomly assigned (1:1:2) to one of three escalating groups (low dose 3·2 × 10^3 per 0·1 mL; medium dose 3·2 × 10^4 per 1 mL; or high-dose 3·2 × 10^5 50% tissue culture infection dose per 1 mL) and received a single-shot immunization on day 0. Individuals in all groups were revaccinated with the highest dose at either month 6 or 12 and followed for 28 days after revaccination.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Contraindications

IXCHIQ® should not be given to individuals who have a weakened immune system due to medications used for hematologic and solid tumors, are on chemotherapy, have a history of congenital immunodeficiency, are under long-term immunosuppressive therapy, or have an HIV infection and are severely immunocompromised, or have a history of a severe allergic reaction to any vaccine component.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Side Effects and Warnings

On August 22, 2025, the U.S. FDA announced that reported serious adverse events have included 21 hospitalizations and three deaths. As of May 2025, serious adverse events, including two that resulted in death, have been reported in individuals 62 through 89 years of age who received IXCHIQ. Six of these reports have been from the people in the United States. Most U.S. and foreign serious adverse events reported have been in individuals with underlying chronic medical conditions. On May 2, 2025, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a cautionary statement against the use of IXCHIQ in frail older adults, particularly those with comorbidities that may affect their immune response to the vaccine. These decisions were taken in response to reports of Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) in older adults with significant underlying medical conditions and co-medications. Causality for the SAEs reported in the U.S. or La Réunion has not been established.

On October 14, 2024, a study concluded, 'A single dose of VLA1553 presented with an excellent local tolerability profile and overall safety in line with that expected for a live-attenuated vaccine.' Common adverse reactions following vaccination, which occurred in more than 10% of vaccinated individuals in clinical trials, included tenderness, headache, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, and nausea. IXCHIQ also caused severe or prolonged chikungunya-like adverse reactions in some persons. Appropriate medical treatment to manage immediate allergic reactions, including acute anaphylactic reactions, must be available following the administration of IXCHIQ or any vaccine, according to the FDA.

Vaccination with IXCHIQ® may cause severe or prolonged chikungunya-like adverse reactions. Severe chikungunya-like adverse reactions that prevented daily activity and/or required medical intervention occurred in 1.6% of 3,082 IXCHIQ® recipients and no placebo recipients. Fourteen IXCHIQ® recipients had prolonged (duration at least 30 days) chikungunya-like adverse reactions. The most common injection site reaction (>10%) was tenderness (11%), and the most common systemic adverse reactions (>10%) were headache (31%), fatigue (29%), myalgia (24%), arthralgia (17%), fever (13%), and nausea (11%). In France's overseas departments, side effects were reported in April 2025.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Pregnancy And Lactation 

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of IXCHIQ in pregnant individuals, and the available human data from clinical trials with IXCHIQ are insufficient to establish whether the vaccine poses any risks during pregnancy. In general, vaccination should be deferred until after delivery. However, if pregnant women choose to be vaccinated, vaccination should generally be avoided during the 1st trimester (until 14 weeks of gestation) and after the 36th week of gestation, out of caution. A developmental study was conducted on female rats. IXCHIQ® should be administered during pregnancy only after an individual risk-benefit assessment, taking into account the maternal risk of chikungunya infection and gestational age. Vertical transmission of wild-type CHIKV to neonates from pregnant women with viremia at delivery is standard and can cause severe, potentially fatal CHIKV disease in neonates. Human data are not available to assess the impact of IXCHIQ on milk production, its presence in breast milk, or its effects on the breastfed child.

IXCHIQ Immunocompromised Individuals

XCHIQ should not be administered to individuals with immunodeficiency or those who are immunosuppressed.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Efficacy Against Alphaviruses

Alphaviruses are vector-borne, medically relevant, positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause human disease worldwide. A study published on August 7, 2024, characterized neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) strains. IXCHIQ elicited 100% seroconversion to each virus, except for RRV, where seroconversion was 83.3% among vaccinees, and cross-neutralizing antibody potency decreased with increasing genetic distance from CHIKV. These data suggest that IXCHIQ elicits cross-neutralizing antibody (nAb) breadth that extends to related alphaviruses, as observed in natural CHIKV infection. The journal Science Translational Medicine published a Research Article, Vol. 15, Issue 696, on May 17, 2023, which found that MAbs with the most significant passive protective efficacy in a mouse model of CHIKV also protected against related arthritogenic alphaviruses.

IXCHIQ Vaccine Coadministration

The Company has not disclosed coadministration information.

IXCHIQ Vaccination for Laboratory Staff

According to the CDC, chikungunya vaccination is recommended for laboratory workers at risk of exposure to the virus. Transmission of the virus through the aerosol and percutaneous routes has been documented in laboratory settings, and accidental mucosal exposure is a potential risk. Laboratory work with the Chikungunya virus is restricted to biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) facilities and practices.

Chikungunya Outbreaks

Countries in Asia, Europe, and the Americas reported Chikungunya virus outbreaks in 2023, 2024, and 2025. Over 50 million North Americans, including approximately 7 million Canadians, are expected to travel to areas where Chikungunya is in 2025. While the incidence of Chikungunya CHIKV infection is low, the morbidity and overall burden of the disease are high.

Valneva SE Agreements with CEPI

The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Valneva SE announced on July 22, 2024, that they have expanded their partnership to support broader access to IXCHIQ in low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs), as well as post-marketing trials and potential label extensions in children, adolescents, and pregnant women. CEPI will provide Valneva up to U.S. $41.3 million of additional funding over the next five years, with support from the European Union's (EU) Horizon Europe program. An earlier CEPI agreement awarded Valneva U.S. $24.6 million in CEPI-EU funding to develop, manufacture, and market its single-shot vaccine, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.

Valneva SE Financial News

For the first half of 2025, Valneva reported on August 12, 2025, IXCHIQ® sales of €7.5 million compared to sales of €1.0 million in the first half of 2024, when the vaccine had just been launched in the U.S. First-half IXCHIQ® sales benefited from a CHIKV outbreak on the French island La Réunion.

On June 4, 2025, Valneva announced that after twenty-six years with Vivalis and Valneva, Mr. Franck Grimaud, Chief Business Officer and one of Valneva's co-founders, will leave the Company on June 25, 2025. On May 7, 2025, Valneva SE reported that IXCHIQ® sales increased to €3 million from €0.2 million in the first quarter of 2024. Valneva SE filed its 2024 Universal Registration Document with the French Financial Markets Authority on March 24, 2025, under filing number D.25-0140, and its Form 20-F with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on the same date.

Valneva and the Butantan Institute in Brazil signed a term sheet in May 2020 to develop, manufacture, and market VLA1553. The collaboration is part of the $23.4 million funding framework that Valneva received from CEPI in July 2019 to make VLA1553 accessible to low— and Middle-Income Countries. As of July 22, 2024, Valneva will receive up to $41.3 million from CEPI and the European Union. On February 5, 2025, CEPI reaffirmed its commitment to expanding access to affordable vaccine doses in endemic regions.

IXCHIQ Vaccine News

September 30, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said, "We are very encouraged by these four-year data, which further reinforce IXCHIQ® 's unique profile and its ability to generate a robust, durable antibody response in both younger and older adults with just a single dose."

August 18, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said in a press release, "This (Canada) approval marks another major milestone for our vaccine as chikungunya continues to pose a significant risk to people living in or traveling to endemic regions."

June 10, 2025 - Global burden of chikungunya virus infections and the potential benefit of vaccination campaigns.

June 5, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said, "The six-month persistence and safety data in children are aligned with the robust antibody response and safety profile we reported in adolescents after a single vaccination. Considering the significant risk chikungunya poses to individuals living in or traveling to endemic areas, it's crucial to ensure that the vaccine is accessible to people of all ages and capable of potentially offering long-term protection from a single shot."

May 12, 2025—Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said: "We reiterate our support for the precautionary measures that have been taken as well as our commitment to continue monitoring all reported serious adverse events, particularly from the active chikungunya vaccination campaign in La Réunion. There have been no further SAEs reported outside of this public vaccination effort aimed at combating the ongoing outbreak. We will continue proactively engaging with the global regulatory authorities while these important investigations continue over the next month."

April 18, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, commented in a press release, "Valneva is committed to the highest standards of safety, and the safety profile of IXCHIQ® remains unchanged and positive. We respect the ACIP recommendation and agree on the importance of continuing the stringent safety surveillance protocols that are in place. We encourage providers to assess the benefit/risk of vaccination based on the individual's medical history and upcoming travel, which aligns with the current recommendation."

April 14, 2025 - Dr. Esper Kallás, Director of Instituto Butantan, stated, "The approval of the chikungunya vaccine is a great victory for Brazil, where over 150,000 people suffer from the disease yearly. It is an honor for Butantan to be able to contribute to ensuring that this vaccine reaches the population that needs it the most."

April 1, 2025 - Dr. Richard Hatchett, Chief Executive Officer of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, commented, "EC's marketing authorization for use of IXCHIQ® in adolescents in the EU is an important stepping stone that could help accelerate the approval of the vaccine in this age group in other regions, including areas where the disease is endemic."

February 28, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, stated, "Broader accessibility will help provide protection and mitigate the burden of this debilitating illness, which continues to spread in previously unaffected areas."

February 25, 2025 - The CDC investigates hospitalizations for cardiac or neurologic events following vaccination with IXCHIQ.

February 18, 2025: Peter BühlValneva'sva's Chief Financial Officer, commented, "Once again, we successfully delivered double-digit sales growth... We made significant clinical and regulatory progress last year, setting the stage for several important catalysts to drive value in 2 "25."

February 4, 2025: Julian Beach, MHRA Interim Executive Director of Healthcare Quality and Access, said in a press release, "Patient safety is our top priority, which is why I am pleased to confirm the approval of the first vaccine in the UK to protect adults 18 years and older against Chikungunya."

January 22, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, stated, "These initial data in children are consistent with the robust antibody response and favorable safety profile we reported in both adolescents and adults after a single vaccination."

December 3, 2024—Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said in a press release, "We are extremely pleased about these three-year data, which further highliIXCHIQ®'sQ®'s differentiated product profile and ability to induce a robust, long-lasting antibody response in both younger and older adults with a single vaccination. 

September 4, 2024: The Lancet published a Comment stating that an effective chikungunya vaccine would reduce the burden of acute infections and mitigate the substantial loss of economic productivity in working-age adults.

July 22, 2024—Thomas Lingelbach, Chief Executive Officer of Valneva, said, "We are extremely pleased to strengthen our partnership with CEPI." Valneva will receive up to $41.3 million from CEPI and the European Union to expand access to the chikungunya vaccine, IXCHIQ®.

July 1, 2024: Dr. Richard Hatchett, CEO of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, comments, "Supported by CEPI and EU funding, IXCHIQ is the world's first vaccine offering protection against the debilitating CHIKV." 

May 21, 2024 – Valneva SE announced the appointment of Dr. Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ph.D., as Chief Scientific Officer and Executive Committee member, effective June 3, 2024.

January 10, 2024 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said, "This pediatric clinical trial is significant. Given the significant threat that Chikungunya poses to individuals living in or traveling to endemic areas, it is crucial to make the vaccine accessible to all age groups."

October 19, 2022—The U.S. CDC vaccine committee reviews various presentations, including "Overview of Chikungunya and Chikungunya Vaccines" by Susan Hills, MBBS, MTH, the CDC Lead of the Chikungunya Vaccines Work Group.

July 7, 2021 - Valneva SE announced that the U.S. FDA had awarded Breakthrough Therapy Designation for VLA1553.

January 25, 2021: Valneva SE and Instituto Butantan signed definitive agreements to develop, manufacture, and market Valneva's single-shot chikungunya vaccine, VLA1553, in Low —and Middle-Income Countries.

October 16, 2020 - Valneva SE announced that the European Medicines Agency had granted PRIority Medicines designation for VLA1553.

December 21, 2018 - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted VLA1553 Fast Track designation. 

VLA-1553 Clinical Trials

Valneva continues to test the VLA1553 Chikungunya Vaccine in various clinical trials.

A Phase IV study, promoted by the CHU of La Réunion and financed by the Ministry of Health, with the support of ANRS Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Region of La Réunion, is underway. The results of this study are expected to be available in late 2025.

On June 13, 2023, the phase 3 study results were published: Between September 17, 2020, and April 10, 2021, 6,100 people were screened for eligibility. One thousand nine hundred seventy-two people were excluded, and 4,128 participants were enrolled and randomized (3,093 to VLA1553 and 1,035 to placebo). 358 participants in the VLA1553 group and 133 in the placebo group discontinued the trial before it ended. The per-protocol population for immunogenicity analysis comprised 362 participants (266 in the VLA1553 group and 96 in the placebo group). After a single vaccination, VLA1553 induced seroprotective chikungunya virus-neutralizing antibody levels in 263 (98.9%) of 266 participants in the VLA1553 group (95% CI 96.7–99.8; p < 0.0001) 28 days post-vaccination, independent of age. VLA1553 was generally safe, with an adverse event profile similar to that of other licensed vaccines, and was equally well tolerated in both younger and older adults. Serious adverse events were reported in 46 (1·5%) of 3082 participants exposed to VLA1553 and eight (0·8%) of 1033 participants in the placebo arm. Only two serious adverse events related to VLA1553 treatment (one mild myalgia and one syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) were considered. Both participants recovered fully.

VLA1553-301 Phase 3 trial was initiated in September 2020. It is a prospective, double-blinded, multicenter, randomized, pivotal Phase 3 trial evaluating 4,115 participants aged 18 years or above. Lyophilized VLA1553 or placebo was administered as a single intramuscular immunization. The trial's primary objective was to assess the Immunogenicity and safety of VLA1553 one month following a single vaccination. 

Conducted in Brazil by Instituto Butantan, VLA1553-321 is a double-blinded, multicenter, randomized, and placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial. The study will also provide safety and immunogenicity data in participants who have been previously infected with Chikungunya 2022. Valneva confirmed that the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) had funded a Phase 3 clinical study and reported positive topline results from a lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency trial for VLA1553. An analysis announced on March 8, 2022, confirmed the very high level of seroprotection, with 98.9% of participants achieving protective levels of CHIKV-neutralizing antibodies one month after receiving a single vaccination. In addition, the immunogenicity profile was maintained over time, with 96.3% of participants demonstrating protective CHIKV-neutralizing antibody titers 6 months after a single immunization. 

On September 4, 2024, The Lancet published results from a CEPI and EU Horizon 2020-funded phase 3 study conducted in Brazil. The study concluded that VLA1553 was generally safe and induced seroprotective titers in almost all vaccinated adolescents, with favorable safety data in seropositive adolescents at baseline. The data support the use of VLA1553 to prevent diseases caused by the Chikungunya virus among adolescents in endemic areas

0 min read
Availability: 
Asia, Europe, France, UK, Brazil
Generic: 
VLA1553
Drug Class: 
Live-attenuated Vaccine
Condition: 
Last Reviewed: 
Friday, December 12, 2025 - 05:10
Brand: 
IXCHIQ®
Abbreviation: 
Chikungunya Vaccine 
Status: 
Manufacturer Country ID: 
FDA First In Class: 
Yes
Rate Vaccine: 
irLgHa10

Lyme Disease Vaccine (VLA15)

Lyme Disease Vaccine (VLA15) Clinical Trials, Dosage, Side Effects, Usage

Lyme disease candidate VLA15 is a multivalent recombinant protein vaccine targeting Borrelia's outer surface protein A (OspA). It is designed for prophylactic and active immunization against Lyme disease, protecting people against most human-pathogenic Borrelia species. OspA is one of the most dominant surface proteins expressed by the bacteria when present in a tick bite. The VLA15 vaccine protects humans by raising antibodies that prevent Borrelia from migrating from ticks after a bite. VLA15 is designed to cover about 97% of Borrelia in North America and Europe. VLA15 is being tested as an alum-adjuvanted formulation and administered intramuscularly. As of December 2025, VLA15 is the only Lyme disease vaccine candidate in advanced phase 3 clinical development. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Fast Track designation to the VLA15 vaccine development program in July 2017.

On November 26, 2025, Valneva announced positive final immunogenicity and safety data from the Phase 2 study, VLA15-221. VLA15 showed a strong anamnestic immune response and a favorable safety profile six months after a third booster dose (month 48) in all age groups, confirming compatibility with the anticipated benefits of a yearly vaccination before each Lyme season. On September 3, 2025, Valneva announced a strong immune response following the third annual booster dose in children and adults, as well as a significant anamnestic antibody response across all six serotypes. The independent Data Monitoring Committee observed no safety concerns across age groups, consistent with previous booster results from the ongoing Phase 2 study. On November 7, 2025. the Lancet Infectious Disease published an article confirming the immunogenicity and safety of an 18-month booster dose of the VLA15 in a phase 2 trial, which revealed the safety and robust anamnestic immune responses associated with VLA15 boosting, supporting its use as a strategy to increase anti-OspA antibody levels before tick season among children, adolescents, and adults.

On April 25, 2025, The Lancet Infectious Diseases published a Pfizer and Valneva-funded phase 2 study confirming previously observed safety and immunogenicity profiles of VLA15 in adults and extending them to children aged 5 years and older and adolescents. The greater immunogenicity of VLA15 in children and adolescents might translate into greater flexibility in the real-world clinical setting. On March 20, 2025, Valneva confirmed that its Lyme disease program is progressing according to plan, including the completion of the primary vaccination series (three doses) in the ongoing Phase 3 study VALOR, the reporting of further positive Phase 2 booster results, and the publication of Phase 2 data in The Lancet. Valneva confirmed on February 18, 2025, and May 7, 2025, that the first data readout of the Lyme disease Phase 3 clinical trial is expected by the end of 2025.

On September 3, 2024, Valenva announced that the VLA15-221 Phase 2 study had posted strong immune responses one month after a second booster dose (month 2) in pediatric and adult populations. A significant anamnestic antibody response was observed across all six serotypes, consistent with previous results, and a favorable safety profile of VLA15 was observed in all age groups and for all vaccinations. On May 31, 2024, The Lancet published an article titled "Optimization of Dose Level and Vaccination Schedule for the VLA15 Lyme Borreliosis Vaccine Candidate Among Healthy Adults: Two Randomized, Phase 2 Studies" provides a detailed analysis of the VLA15-201 and VLA15-202 trial results, which investigated different dose levels and vaccination schedules of VLA15, a hexavalent Lyme disease vaccine candidate targeting most prevalent  Borrelia species (serotype 1-6) in North America and Europe. On November 26, 2025, Valneva announced positive final immunogenicity and safety data from the Phase 2 study, VLA15-221, which confirmed the benefits of a yearly vaccination before each Lyme season.

Valneva SE and Pfizer, Inc., a New York-based company,  announced a development and commercialization collaboration for VLA15 in April 2020. Pfizer leads the vaccine's late-stage development and commercialization. Pfizer presented its Lyme disease strategy on slide #18, indicating it could submit a Biologics License Application to the FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2026, subject to positive phase 3 study data. 

Valneva SE (Nasdaq: VALN; Euronext Paris: VLA) is a specialty vaccine company based in Saint-Herblain, France, that develops vaccines to prevent diseases with significant unmet medical needs. On June 25, 2025, Valneva announced that all the resolutions recommended by the Board of Directors were approved by the shareholders at its Annual General Meeting. On February 18, 2025, Valneva announced that it had met its 2024 growth targets for sales revenue (+13% compared to 2023) and total revenues (+10% compared to 2023).

U.S. CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Workgroup - Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15

Grace E. Marx, MD, MPH, presented an Introduction to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Lyme Disease Vaccines Work Group on April 15, 2025. The first work group meeting will be held in May 2025, followed by an ACIP presentation on the epidemiology, burden, and clinical manifestations of Lyme disease in June 2025.

Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15 Indication

VLA15 is a vaccine designed to prevent Lyme disease in people. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Lyme disease is a systemic infection caused by the Borrelia bacteria, which are transmitted to humans by infected Ixodes ticks. It is considered the most common vector-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere and Europe. Nearly all human infections are caused by three B burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies: Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, and B burgdorferi sensu stricto. All three species cause Lyme borreliosis in Europe, whereas only Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto causes Lyme borreliosis in the United States.

On June 13, 2022, the journal BMJ Global Health reported that approximately 14% of the world's population likely has or has had Tickborne Lyme disease, as indicated by antibodies in the blood, based on a pooled data analysis of available evidence. In addition, the reported global estimate of Bb seropositivity is relatively high, with the top three regions being Central Europe, Western Europe, and Eastern Asia. 

A report from FAIR Health indicates that, from 2007 to 2021, Lyme disease diagnoses rose by 357% in rural areas and 65% in urban areas. In June and July, insurance claim lines with Lyme disease diagnoses were more common in rural than urban areas. But from November to April, claim lines with Lyme disease diagnoses occurred more often in urban than rural areas. Additionally, the CDC published "Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and Europe" on July 18, 2021. Patients with erythema migrans more often have concomitant systemic symptoms in the United States than in Europe.

Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15 Mechanism of Action

Valneva has developed an innovative mechanism of action for VLA15: Upon feeding, the tick ingests antibodies from the host's blood. In the tick gut, OspA antibodies bind to B. burgdorferi's OspA. OspA-bound antibodies inhibit the dissemination of bacteria in the tick, thereby blocking transmission to the host (i.e., humans). A 2017 study found that immunological memory could be confirmed by a three-prime immunization followed by a booster dose administered five months later. Additionally, the half-lives of anti-OspA serotype-specific antibody titers following booster immunization were longer than those after primary vaccination. In addition, the clinical data showed that VLA15 induced protection in mice against challenges with four clinically relevant Borrelia species (B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, B. garinii, and B. bavariensis), which express five of the six OspA serotypes included in the vaccine.

Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15 Dosage

The randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 VALOR study participants received a three-dose (Months 0, 2, and 6) or a two-dose (Months 0 and 6) vaccination schedule. Higher antibody levels were observed in the three-dose vaccination schedule. A fourth "booster" dose is being evaluated for 2024/2025. ValnevOner 10, 2024, that VValneva clarified LA15 the dosage could include annual booster doses.

Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15 Side Effects

In the VLA15-202 Phase 2 study, VLA15 was found to be safe and well-tolerated across all doses and age groups. No serious adverse events related to the treatment were observed in any treatment group or during the one-month post-booster period. VLA15-221's leading safety and immunogenicity readouts in adults were performed at month seven. The clinical trial is ongoing to assess the safety and immunogenicity of VLA15 in children aged 5 years and older.

Disease Tests

The U.S. CDC currently recommends a 2-step testing process for Lyme disease. Both steps are required and can be done using the same blood sample. The peer-reviewed journal Cell Reports published a study on November 15, 2022, titled "Gene set predictor for post-treatment Lyme disease." By distilling gene sets from this study with those from other sources, the researchers identified a subset of genes highly expressed in the cohorts that were not previously established as biomarkers for inflammatory responses or other viral or bacterial infections. They further reduce this gene set by highlighting the importance of developing an mRNA biomarker set capable of distinguishing healthy individuals from those with acute L.D. or PTLD as a candidate for translation into an L.D. diagnostic.

Lyme Disease Vaccine VLA15 News

November 7, 2025 - The Lancet Infectious Diseases published: Immunogenicity and safety of an 18-month booster dose of the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate after primary immunisation in children, adolescents, and adults in the USA: a randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.

September 3, 2025 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, commented in a press release, "These latest data further reinforce the potential benefits of booster doses across all evaluated age groups."

August 12, 2025 - Valneva confirmed Pfizer aims to submit a Biologics License Application to the U.S. FDA and a Marketing Authorization Application to EMA in 2026, subject to positive Phase 3 data.

June 4, 2025 - The Company stated: Revenues from our growing commercial business help fuel the continued advancement of our vaccine pipeline. This includes the only Lyme disease vaccine candidate in advanced clinical development.

April 25, 2025 - The Lancet published: Immunogenicity and safety of different immunization schedules of the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate in adults, adolescents, and children: a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. 

March 20, 2025 - Valneva confirmed that its 2025 outlook reflects solid revenue growth and positive commercial cash flows, supporting strategic R&D investments with lower operating cash burn. It met its 2024 growth targets for product sales (+13% comp vs) and total revenues (+10% comp vs).

February 18, 202: Peter Bühler, Valneva's Chief Financial Officer, commented, "Once again, we successfully delivered double-digit sales growth.. We made significant clinical and regulatory progress last year, setting the stage for several vital catalysts to drive value in 2025, most notably the first Phase 3 study results for our lead Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15.

November 22, 2024 - Parasites & Vectors published a study that finds that 50% of adult blacklegged ticks carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.

October 10, 2024 - Vlaneva SE presented an investor update.

August 16, 2024 - Do We Need a Lyme Disease Vaccine? Plotkin, Stanley A., MD. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.

September 19, 2024 - U.S. CDC - New Clinical Tools and Resources to Support Patients with Prolonged Symptoms and Concerns about Lyme Disease.

September 3, 2024—Annaliesa Anderson, Ph. D., Senior Vice President and Head of Vaccine Research and Development at Pfizer, commented in a press release, "Together with our partner Valneva, we look forward to progressing our vaccine candidate in the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials."

December 4, 2023 - Juan Carlos Jaramillo, M.D., Chief Medical Officer of Valneva, said in a press release. "The completion of enrollment is an important milestone in developing a potential vaccine for Lyme disease."

August 11, 2022Valneva announced excellent progress on the late-stage Lyme Disease Vaccine Candidate VLA15. The Phase 3 study was initiated in August 2022, and other positive Phase 2 results, including the first pediatric data, were reported.

August 8, 2022 - Pfizer Inc. and Valneva SE announced the initiation of the Phase 3 clinical study, "Vaccine Against Lyme for Outdoor Recreationists," to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the Lyme disease vaccine candidate VLA15.

April 26, 2022 - Valneva SE and Pfizer Inc. reported positive Phase 2 pediatric data for their Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15, in pediatric participants aged 5-17 years.

July 28, 202: Pfizer, Inc. published its Lyme disease vaccine strategy on slide #18 of its final results presentation. This assay demonstrated Phase 2 efficacy, with more than 90% of subjects seroconverting to all six serotypes commonly found in the United States and the European Union following a three-dose vaccination schedule.

November 3, 2020—Valneva reported a serum bactericidal assay assessing the functional immune response against Lyme disease after vaccination with VLA15. This assay was conducted for the first time in VLA15-202 and demonstrated the functionality of antibodies against all OspA serotypes.

July 22, 202: Valneva SE announced positive initial results for its first Phase 2 study (VLA15-201) of the Lyme disease vaccine candidate VLA15. The vaccine was found efficacious across all dose groups tested.

April 30, 202: Valneva SE and Pfizer announced a collaboration to develop and commercialize Valneva's Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15. The candidate is currently in Phase 2 clinical studies.

July 1, 2019 - A second Phase 2 clinical trial for developing Lyme disease vaccine candidate VLA15 has been announced. Following the Run-In phase for one's first Phase 2 study, VLA15-201, the two dosage levels (135 µg and 180 µg) have been selected for further development, subject to approval from the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. 

VLA15 Clinical Trials

VLA15 continues to undergo clinical trials to assess immunogenicity, safety, and dosing as of 2025.

A Pfizer- and Valneva-funded Phase 2 study, announced on December 25, 2025, confirmed the previously observed safety and immunogenicity profiles of VLA15 in adults and extended them to children aged 5 years and older. The greater immunogenicity of VLA15 in children and adolescents might translate into greater flexibility in the real-world clinical setting.

On July 4, 2023, The Lancet Infectious Diseases wrote. Between January 23, 2017, and January 16, 2019, of 254 participants screened for eligibility, 179 were randomly assigned into six groups: alum-adjuvanted 12 μg (n=29), 48 μg (n=31), or 90 μg (n=31) and non-adjuvanted 12 μg (n=29 participants), 48 μg (n=29), or 90 μg (n=30). VLA15 was well-tolerated and safe; most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Overall, adverse events were more frequent in the 48 μg and 90 μg groups (range 28−30 participants [94−97%]) when compared with the 12 μg group (25 [86%] participants, 95% CI 69·4–94·5) for adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted groups. Common local reactions were tenderness (151 [84%] participants; 356 events, 95% CI 78·3−89·4) and injection site pain (120 [67%]; 224 events, 59·9–73·5); most frequent systemic reactions were headache (80 [45%]; 112 events, 37·6–52·0), excessive fatigue (45 [25%]; 56 events, 19·4–32·0), and myalgia (45 [25%]; 57 events, 19·4–32·0). A similar safety and tolerability profile was observed between adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted formulations. The majority of solicited adverse events were mild or moderate. VLA15 was immunogenic across all OspA serotypes, with higher immune responses induced in the adjuvanted higher-dose groups (geometric mean titer range: 90 μg with alum, 61.3 U/mL–321.7 U/mL vs. 23.8 U/mL–111.5 U/mL at 90 μg without alum).

On February 17, 2023, Pfizer and Valnea announced that Pfizer, as the sponsor of the VALOR Phase 3 clinical study, had decided to discontinue the study for a significant number of participants enrolled in the U.S. These study participants, representing approximately half of the total number of participants recruited for the trial, were discontinued following violations of Good Clinical Practice at specific clinical trial sites operated by a third-party clinical trial site operator. The discontinuation of these participants was not due to any safety concerns with the investigational vaccine and was not prompted by a participant-reported adverse event. The companies confirmed on March 23, 2023, that they intend to work with regulatory authorities and, as previously announced, aim for Pfizer to potentially maintain the original submission timelines, pending successful completion of the Phase 3 studies and subject to the agreement of these regulatory agencies to proposed modifications of the clinical trial plan.

Clinical Study VLA15-221 is a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study. The first clinical study with VLA15 enrolls pediatric patients aged 5 years and older. 294 healthy adult participants received VLA15 at two different immunization schedules (month 0-2-6 [N=97] or month 0-6 [N=90]) or three doses of placebo (month 0-2-6 [N=107]). Vaccine recipients received VLA15 at a dose of 180 µg, selected based on data from the two previous Phase 2 studies. The primary safety and immunogenicity readouts in adults were performed at month 7. A subset of participants will receive a booster dose of VLA15 or placebo at month 18 (booster phase) and will be followed for three additional years to monitor antibody persistence. The VLA15-221 trial is ongoing to assess the safety and immunogenicity of VLA15 in pediatric patients aged 5 years and older.

On August 8, 2022, the companies announced the initiation of a Phase 3 clinical study, Vaccine Against Lyme for Outdoor Recreationists (VALOR), to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of their investigational Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15. The Estimated Primary Completion Date is December 31, 2024.

On July 22, 2020, the Phase 2 Lyme disease study, VLA15-201, announced that it had met its endpoints. Compared to Phase 1, the higher doses used in this trial elicited higher antibody responses across all serotypes. An encouraging immunogenicity profile was confirmed, including in older adults.

0 min read
Availability: 
Potentially 2025
Generic: 
VLA15
Clinical Trial: 
https://valneva.com/research-development/lyme-disease/
Drug Class: 
Multivalent protein subunit vaccine
Condition: 
Last Reviewed: 
Tuesday, December 16, 2025 - 04:40
Status: 
Manufacturer Country ID: 
FDA First In Class: 
Yes
Rate Vaccine: 
LyaxFXNa

Vivotif Typhoid Vaccine

Vivotif® Oral Typhoid Vaccine Clinical Trials, Dosage, Side Effects

Bavarian Nordic's Vivotif® (Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a) is the only oral vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Updated September 2013, Package Insert September 2020) to prevent typhoid fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Vivotif is a live attenuated vaccine indicated for the immunization of adults and children over 6 years of age, and it does not cause typhoid fever.

Vivotif Oral works by causing the body to produce antibodies that protect against the bacteria (germs) that cause typhoid fever. The antibodies destroy the Salmonella typhi bacteria. However, Vivotif does not afford protection against Salmonella species other than Salmonella typhi or other bacteria that cause enteric disease.

VIVOTIF is a prescription vaccine you take by mouth to help protect you from typhoid fever. VIVOTIF is intended for adults and children over 6 years of age and is available in September 2025 at travel clinics and pharmacies in the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. Routine typhoid vaccination is not recommended in the USA.

On September 3, 2025, The Lancet published an article that confirms vaccines are available for the prevention of typhoid disease, including the more effective typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines.

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. sold this travel vaccine to Bavarian Nordic A/S on May 15, 2023. Vivotif's revenue in the first nine months of 2025 grew by 5% compared to the prior year, reflecting a 30% increase in the third quarter. The US market for typhoid vaccines declined by 7% in the first nine months, and the decline was partly offset by increased Vivotif market share, which reached 20%.

Vivotif Vaccine Availability 2025

As of 2025, the vaccine is marketed in the U.S. as Vivotif and in Europe under the name Vivotif, as well as in Germany under the name Typhoral L. This vaccine primarily focuses on the U.S. market, accounting for approximately 60% of the product's total revenue in 2024. According to Coherent Market Insights, the Oral Typhoid Vaccine Market size was valued at $126.8 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 12.3% from 2023 to 2030.

Vivotif Vaccine Indication

Typhoid fever is usually acquired by eating food or drinking liquids contaminated with S. typhi. Vivotif is an oral vaccine that prevents typhoid fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S Typhi). Vivotif (capsules) is available for adults and children six years and older. Not all recipients of VIVOTIF will be fully protected against typhoid fever. Vaccinated individuals should continue to take personal precautions against exposure to typhoid organisms. The vaccine will not afford protection against Salmonella species other than Salmonella Typhi or other bacteria that cause enteric disease. The vaccine is not suitable for treating acute infections with S. Typhi. According to the U.S. CDC, there is no evidence to support the use of typhoid vaccines to control common-source outbreaks, diseases following natural disasters, or for persons attending rural summer camps.

Routine typhoid vaccination is not recommended in the USA. However, selective immunization against typhoid fever is recommended for the following groups: 1) travelers to areas in which there is a recognized risk of exposure to S. Typhi; 2) persons with intimate exposure (e.g., household contact) to an S. Typhi carrier; and 3) microbiology laboratorians who frequently work with S. Typhi. Vivotif is not to be taken during an acute gastrointestinal illness. Postpone taking the vaccine if persistent diarrhea or vomiting occurs.

Vivotif Vaccine Dosage

The immunization schedule for Vivotif Oral consists of four capsules, one taken on alternate days (days 1, 3, 5, and 7). The vaccine is administered orally to the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract, the largest immunologic organ in the body. The efficacy of Vivotif has been shown to persist for at least five years; therefore, it is recommended that reimmunization be given every five years under conditions of repeated or continued exposure to typhoid fever.

Vivotif must be refrigerated between 35.6°F and 46.6°F to maintain optimal potency.

Typhoid Outbreaks

Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), remains a significant public health challenge in many parts of the world. This research article, published in 2025, contributes to infectious disease modeling and provides a valuable resource for enhancing global control measures of typhoid fever.

Vivotif Vaccine News

June 11, 2025 - The UK reported an 8% increase in Typhoid cases in 2024.

May 9, 2025 - The Company announced Vivotif revenue in the first quarter was DKK 50 million (DKK 43 million), driven by increased U.S. sales.

March 20, 2025 - Three typhoid-related deaths have been reported in Negros Occidental province, Philippines.

May 15, 2023 - Emergent BioSolutions completed the sale of its travel health business to Bavarian Nordic.

July 28, 2022 - New antibiotic-resistant typhoid strains are rising, fueling outbreaks worldwide and making up a more significant percentage of the yearly toll of 10 to 20 million cases and 100,000 deaths. 

May 1, 2022 - The Lancet published: Estimating the effect of vaccination on antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in 73 countries supported by Gavi: a mathematical modeling study. Interpretation - Our results indicate the benefits of prioritizing TCV introduction for countries with a high avertable burden of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever.

March 1, 2021 - The U.S. CDC reissued a Level 1 Travel Alert stating, 'There is an ongoing outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid fever in Pakistan. XDR typhoid infections in people with a history of travel to Pakistan have been reported in North America, Europe, and Australia; therefore, the CDC recommends that all travelers (even short-term travelers) to South Asia, including Pakistan, be vaccinated against typhoid fever before travel.' 

February 12, 2021:- The U.S. CDC Health Alert Network issued 'Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among U.S. Residents Without International Travel.' As of January 14, 2021, the CDC has received 71 reports of XDR Typhi infection in the United States, with specimens obtained from February 9, 2018, through November 16, 2020. Among 67 patients with a known travel history, 58 (87%) had traveled to Pakistan within 30 days of the onset of illness.

February 27, 2019 - Research article: Nonspecific effects of oral vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a.

August 13, 2018 - Emergent BioSolutions acquired PaxVax and two travel vaccines in a $270M deal. Vivotif, which PaxVax acquired in 2014, is one of two typhoid vaccines available in the USA.

February 19, 2014 - Study: Evaluation of immune responses to an oral typhoid vaccine, Ty21a, in children from 2 to 5 years of age in Bangladesh.

Vivotif Oral Vaccine Clinical Trial

Clinical Trial: NCT0370558 is an open-label, non-randomized phase 4 study. It aims to understand how vaccines against typhoid fever and cholera affect the standard immune system of the intestine. Patients with standard-of-care endoscopies (colonoscopy and/or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)) will be divided into three groups. The  Last Update was Posted on October 16, 2019.

0 min read
Availability: 
United States of America, UK, Europe
Drug Class: 
Oral Vaccine
Condition: 
Last Reviewed: 
Sunday, November 16, 2025 - 07:05
Brand: 
Vivotif
Status: 
Manufacturer Country ID: 
Kosher: 
Yes
Halal: 
Yes
Rate Vaccine: 
knXeJ1GC

Vaxchora Cholera Vaccine

Vaxchora® Cholera Vaccine (CVD 103-HgR) Clinical Trials, Dosage, Indication, Side Effects

Bavarian Nordic Vaxchora® (CVD 103-HgR) is a live attenuated recombinant V. cholerae O1 Inaba Vaccine Strain CVD 103-HgR, which can synthesize the immunogenic nontoxic B subunit of CT (encoded by the ctxB gene). Vaxchora is a single-dose oral cholera vaccine (OCV) for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1. Vaxchora contains a weakened form of the cholera bacterium serogroup O1. The V. cholerae vaccine strain produces an incomplete, nontoxic form of the cholera toxin, which replicates in the gastrointestinal tract. Vaxchora is made in water and administered orally as a single dose at least 10 days before the person is likely to contract cholera.

Vaxchora is the only U.S. FDA-approved vaccine (2016) to prevent cholera: STN: 125597. It was approved on December 23, 2020, by BL 125597/123 for people ages 2 through 64 traveling to cholera-affected areas. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) noted that evidence from Vaxchora studies is relevant only for travelers visiting areas where cholera is present. The EMA authorized Emergent Netherlands B.V. for Vaxchora in January 2020: EMEA/H/C/003876

The U.S. CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) published its recommendations for the use of the lyophilized CVD 103-HgR vaccine (Vaxchora) on September 30, 2022. On January 12, 2022, the U.S. CDC's vaccine committee reviewed the following presentations:  Introduction to the Cholera Vaccine Session, Pablo Sanchez, MD; Vaxchora Vaccine - Pediatric Dose Development, James McCarty, MD; Evidence to Recommendations: CVD 103-HgR among children and adolescents aged 2–17 years, Jennifer P. Collins, MD, MSc. Then, on February 23, 2022, Jennifer P. Collins, MD, MSc, CDC Lead, Cholera Vaccine Work Group, presented 'Evidence to recommendations summary, considerations for use, and proposed policy option: CVD 103-HgR among children and adolescents aged 2–17 years.' The CDC confirmed eight cholera cases in the U.S. related to travelers on December 5, 2022.

Bavarian Nordic is a fully integrated vaccine company with a mission to protect and save lives through innovative vaccines. Vaxchora revenue decreased by 55% in the first nine months of 2025, primarily because a cholera outbreak in 2024 on the French island of Mayotte positively impacted 2024 sales on the island, and also due to low market demand in the U.S.

For more information, visit www.bavarian-nordic.com.

Vaxchora Indication

Vaxchora is indicated for active immunization against disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 in adults 18 through 64 years of age traveling to an active cholera-affected area. Active transmission is defined as having cases reported within the past year. The CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends Vaxchora for adult travelers aged 18 to 64 who visit an area of active cholera transmission. Active transmission is defined as having cases reported within the past year.

Cholera, an acute bacterial disease of the small intestine, causes severe vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration that can become life-threatening. It is estimated that three million to five million cholera cases occur yearly, causing nearly 100,000 fatalities worldwide. However, most people infected with V. cholerae do not experience symptoms.

Vaxchora Vaccine Dosage

Vaxchora (CVD 103-HgR) is a live, weakenedsingle-dose, oral liquid vaccine containing approximately three fluid ounces. It should be administered at least ten days before travel to a cholera-affected area.

Vaxchora Vaccine Availability

Since January 2025, the International Coordinating Group on Vaccine Provision received 38 requests from 12 countries, triple the number compared to the same period in 2024. As of September 2025, over 40 million doses have been allocated, compared to 35 million doses allocated in all of 2024. As of August 2025, Vachora is approved in Australia, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the United States. It is the only single-dose cholera vaccine approved in Canada and the only FDA-approved vaccine available in the United States. The initial U.S. FDA approval was in 2016.

On May 9, 2025, the Company reported that Vaxchora revenue was DKK 9 million (DKK 11 million) in the first quarter of 2025.

Gaithersburg, Maryland-based Emergent BioSolutions sold the vaccine to Bavarian Nordic A/S (BVNRY) on May 15, 2023, and is relaunching it in key U.S. and European markets as of March 2025.

Vaxchora Limitations of Use

The effectiveness of Vaxchora (CVD 103-HgR) has not been established in persons with pre-existing immunity due to previous exposure to V. cholerae or the receipt of a cholera vaccine. The safety and effectiveness of Vaxchora in pregnant or breastfeeding women are not yet known, and it is unknown how long protection lasts beyond 3 – 6 months after getting the vaccine. Side effects from Vaxchora are uncommon and may include tiredness, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, lack of appetite, and diarrhea. Vaxchora has not been shown to protect against disease caused by V. cholerae serogroup O139 or other non-O1 serogroups.

Store Vaxchora buffer component and active component packets refrigerated at 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C). Packets should not be out of refrigerated storage for more than 15 minutes before reconstitution; when out of refrigerated storage, packets should not be exposed to temperatures above 80°F (27°C)

Vaxchora Pregnancy Registry

Vaxchora (Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral) Pregnancy Registry has been established to monitor the safety of Vaxchora use during pregnancy. Vaxchora is not absorbed systemically following oral administration, and maternal use is not expected to result in fetal exposure to the drug. Studies have not been performed among pregnant women who have taken Vaxchora. The pregnancy registry aims to prospectively collect data on the safety of VAXCHORA exposure on pregnant women and their offspring. The registry is strictly observational.

Cholera Outbreaks

As of 2025, various cholera outbreaks have been reported this year.

Vaxchora Vaccine News

September 16, 2024 - "Canadians are passionate about exploring. To help them prevent illness while traveling internationally, we are expanding our vaccine offerings to include protection against cholera. Healthcare providers can now offer this new vaccine option to travelers who plan to visit countries where cholera is present," said Karinne Lacombe, Canada Country Director, Bavarian Nordic.

May 15, 2023 - Emergent BioSolutions announced it had completed the sale of its travel health business to Bavarian Nordic.

October 19, 2022 - A strained global supply of cholera vaccines has obliged the International Coordinating Group to temporarily suspend the standard two-dose vaccination regimen in cholera outbreak response campaigns and use a single-dose approach.

July 5, 2022 - A study published in Nature Communications shows how O139 V. cholerae disappeared. However, it caused several outbreaks in India and Bangladesh in the early 1990s and temporarily displaced O1 V. cholerae as the dominant, disease-causing variant.

June 13, 2022: Undersecretary-General and Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths approved the allocation of US$1.7 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund to support the urgent response to the cholera outbreak in Cameroon.

May 23, 202The 2 - The Malawi Ministry of Health launched a national Oral Cholera Vaccination campaign targeting over 1.9 million people (over one year of age) living in cholera hot-spot districts in the southern region.

April 29, 2022 - Vaccination contributed to the fight against the cholera epidemic that affected seven regions of Niger, causing 5591 infections and 166 deaths, with a case-fatality rate of 3%. Vaccination coverage of 95%, combined with good patient management, hygiene, and sanitation awareness, led to a significant decrease in the number of new cases until the epidemic was declared over in the following weeks.

February 23, 2022 - Pablo Sanchez, MD, Chair, CDC Cholera Vaccine Work Group, presented Introduction to the Cholera Vaccine Session.

January 12, 2022 - The U.S. CDC's ACIP meeting Cholera Presentation Slides were posted online.

January 31, 2020 - EU Panel Backs Cholera Vaccine Vaxchora for Adults, Children. The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended marketing authorization for a cholera vaccine (recombinant, live, oral) (Vaxchora, Emergent Netherlands B.V.) for protection against cholera in adults and children, according to an EMA summary of the opinion.

June 10, 2016 - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Vaxchora, a vaccine for preventing cholera caused by serogroup O1 in adults 18 through 64 traveling to cholera-affected areas. Vaxchora is the only FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of cholera.

Vaxchora (CVD 103-HgR) Vaccine Cholera Clinical Trials

The Vaxchora vaccine continues to be studied in various clinical trials.

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pending 2023
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Vaccine, live
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Sunday, November 16, 2025 - 06:40
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Vaxchora
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Varivax Varicella Vaccine

Varivax® Varicella Vaccine Clinical Trials, Dosage, Efficacy, Side Effects

Merck Shark & Dohme Corp. Varivax® is a live, attenuated varicella-zoster vaccine. Varivax is a preparation of the Oka/Merck strain of live, attenuated varicella virus. The virus was initially obtained from a child with wild-type varicella, then introduced into human embryonic lung cell cultures, adapted to and propagated in embryonic guinea pig cell cultures, and finally propagated in human diploid cell cultures (WI-38). This varicella vaccine is a lyophilized preparation containing sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, and processed gelatin as stabilizers. Further passage of the virus for varicella vaccine was performed at Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) in human diploid cell cultures (MRC-5) free of adventitious agents.

The duration of Varivax's protection is unknown; however, long-term efficacy studies have demonstrated continued protection up to 10 years after vaccination. A boost in antibody levels has been observed in vaccinees following exposure to wild-type varicella, which could account for the apparent long-term protection after vaccination in these studies.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the intramuscular route of administration for Varivax on March 6, 2023. Varivax can be administered with other live viral vaccines. If not given concurrently, at least one month should elapse between a dose of a live attenuated measles virus-containing vaccine and a dose of VARIVAX. In children, at least three months should elapse between administering 2 doses of a live attenuated varicella vitwous-containing vaccine. U.S. FDA STN: BL 103552. The U.S. CDC published updated vaccination schedules in February 2023. For more information, visit MerckVaccines.

Merck & Co., Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, USA.

Varicella Vaccine U.S. CDC

Mona Marin, MD, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention presented on February 23, 2023: 25 Years of Varicella Vaccination Program in the United States: Health and Economic Impact during 1995–2019.

Varivax Varicella Vaccine Indication

Varivax is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent varicella (ChickenPox) in individuals 12 months or older. Before the vaccine's introduction in 1995, around 4 million chickenpox cases were confirmed in the United States per year, mostly in children. 

Do not administer VARIVAX to individuals with a history of anaphylactic or severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine (including neomycin and gelatin) or a previous dose of a varicella-containing vaccine; immunosuppressed or immunodeficient individuals; an active febrile illness; active untreated tuberculosis; or those who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant in the next 3threemonths.

Varivax Varicella Vaccine Dosage

Each 0.5 mL dose of Varivax is administered by subcutaneous injection in two doses.

Varivax Varicella Vaccine News

March 11, 2022 - The U.S. CDC reported a newborn was recently delivered at 24 weeks gestation with congenital varicella syndrome after maternal varicella was diagnosed at 12 weeks gestation. At 22 weeks gestation, an ultrasound identified many fetal abnormalities; congenital varicella syndrome was confirmed by a positive varicella-zoster virus (VZV) polymerase chain reaction test of the amniotic fluid. Because the prognosis of the fetus was poor, a decision was made to induce labor. At delivery, the newborn had a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, an Apgar score of 1, and weighed 526 g; the newborn died approximately 15 minutes after delivery. After birth, neither additional VZV testing nor an autopsy was performed.

October 29, 2020 - Varicella-Zoster Virus and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Immunocompromised Patients. The presence of immunocompromise requires special attention to several aspects of vaccination. The first is safety: Live attenuated vaccines are “weakened” but potentially have a viable virus. This may cause disseminated infection in severely immunocompromised patients, and live vaccines are generally avoided. Inactivated vaccines do not contain live virus and cannot cause disseminated infection; therefore, they are safer. 

Varivax Varicella Vaccine Clinical Trials

Merck's Varivax has been in over 110 clinical trials.

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Worldwide
Generic: 
Varicella Virus Vaccine
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Vaccine
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Friday, June 7, 2024 - 09:50
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Varivax
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Vaqta Hepatitis A Vaccine

Vaqta Vaccine Description

Vaqta is an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from hepatitis A virus grown in cell culture in human MRC-5 diploid fibroblasts. It contains inactivated virus of a strain, which was originally derived by further serial passage of a proven attenuated strain.

The virus is grown, harvested, and purified by combining physical and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques, formalin-inactivated, and then adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide.

Hepatitis A virus has a relatively long incubation period (approximately 20 to 50 days). Vaqta may not prevent hepatitis A infection in individuals who have an unrecognized hepatitis A infection at vaccination time.

MerckVaccines offers full information.

Vaqta Vaccine Indication

Vaqta is indicated for preventing disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) in persons 12 months of age and older.

Vaqta Vaccine Dosage

The primary dose should be given at least 2 weeks before expected exposure to HAV.

Vaqta is administered intramuscularly only. Children/Adolescents: vaccination consists of a 0.5-mL primary dose and a 0.5-mL booster dose 6 to 18 months later.  Adults: vaccination consists of a 1-mL primary dose and a 1-mL booster dose 6 to 18 months later. 

Vaqta Vaccine News

September 6, 2019 - Impact of Public Health Interventions on Drinking Water–Associated Outbreaks of Hepatitis A — the United States, 1971–2017. The CDC's MMWR highlights the decline in reported hepatitis A waterborne outbreaks from 1971-2017. Study authors attribute the decrease to the introduction of microbial drinking water regulations for public water systems initiated in 1989 and the wide implementation of the hepatitis A virus vaccine since 1995.

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U.S. FDA authorized
Drug Class: 
Vaccine
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Thursday, March 3, 2022 - 06:25
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Vaqta
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