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Chikungunya
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations funds Houston Methodist Research Institute vaccinology team
measles
Wastewater surveillance can identify measles and polio viruses.
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Anyone can get pneumococcal disease, but some people are at increased risk. To better protect children and seniors from disease, innovative vaccine candidates are conducting clinical trials in 2024.

Currently, two kinds of pneumococcal vaccines are recommended in the U.S. - Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs, specifically PCV15 and PCV20) and Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).

However, even with U.S. FDA-approved vaccines broadly available, approximately 5,000 deaths are related to pneumococcal disease each year in the U.S.

To address this health issue, Vaxcyte, Inc. today announced the completion of enrollment in its Phase 1/2 clinical study evaluating VAX-31, a next-generation 31-valent PCV and the broadest-spectrum pneumococcal vaccine candidate in the clinic today. 

This vaccine candidate is designed to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).

Vaxcyte expects to announce topline safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity data from the Phase 1/2 study in the third quarter of 2024.

"Completing the enrollment of the VAX-31 study with more than one thousand adults 50 years and older is a significant step for our PCV franchise, and we look forward to announcing topline safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity data in the third quarter of this year," said Grant Pickering, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Vaxcyte, in a press release.

"VAX-31, the broadest-spectrum PCV in the clinic, has the potential to address a significant public health need by covering approximately 95% of IPD circulating in the U.S. adult population while maintaining coverage of previously circulating strains that are currently contained via ongoing vaccination."

Vaxcyte's unedited press release is posted here.

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In September 2023, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC) announced that mRNA vaccines would continue to be available in response to the continued spread of COVID-19.

However, according to Novavax Inc.'s announcement on January 23, 2024, the updated protein-based non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Nuvaxovid™XBB.1.5 dispersion for injection) is now available for use in Taiwan for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older.

Doses have been distributed by Taiwan CDC to local vaccination clinics across the country.

The Taiwan CDC stated that adding a protein-based vaccine will diversify the country's vaccine portfolio and provide a non-mRNA option to help protect against COVID-19.

"We are working closely with Taiwan's authorities to ensure doses of our updated protein-based non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine are made available at vaccination centers across Taiwan as soon as possible," said John C. Jacobs, President and Chief Executive Officer, Novavax, in a press release posted on December 18, 2023.

Throughout the multi-year pandemic, about 90% of Taiwan's population contracted COVID-19, and 19,005 people died.

Taiwan's authorization was based on non-clinical data showing that Novavax's updated COVID-19 vaccine induced functional immune responses for XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, and XBB.2.3 variants.

Additional non-clinical data demonstrated that Novavax's NVX-CoV2601 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to subvariants BA.2.86, EG.5.1, FL.1.5.1, and XBB.1.16.6 as well as CD4+ polyfunctional cellular (T-cell) responses against EG.5.1 and XBB.1.16.6.

These data indicate Novavax's vaccine can stimulate both arms of the immune system and induce a broad response against circulating variants, says Novavax.

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Dengue
Wolbachia method genetically modifies Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
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Malaria affects millions of lives annually, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, according to a Perspective published by the Malaria Journal.

Despite being largely preventable, malaria outbreaks caused  247 million infections and over 600,000 deaths across 85 countries in 2021,

In the ongoing battle against malaria outbreaks, a promising development has emerged with the endorsement by the World Health Organization of the R21/Matrix-M™ Malaria Vaccine.

Developed through a collaboration between the University of Oxford and Novavax Inc., this vaccine has demonstrated remarkable efficacy, reaching 77% effectiveness in Phase 2 clinical trials.

R21 is designed to be low-dose, cost-effective, and accessible, with approval for use in children under three years old.

Published on January 12, 2024, this paper critically examines the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine, its development, potential impact on global malaria eradication efforts, and the challenges and opportunities it presents.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says about 2,000 malaria cases are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in travelers returning to cities such as Miami, Florida.

As of January 27, 2024, malaria vaccines are unavailable in the U.S.

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Typhoid
Typhoid vaccination recommended for certain international travlers
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A recent study funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation found that a single-dose vaccine against typhoid was efficacious for at least four years among children in all age groups.

The Vi polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid vaccine's vaccine efficacies by age group were 70·6% (6·4–93·0) for children aged nine months to 2 years; 79·6% (45·8–93·9) for children aged 2–4 years; and 79·3% (63·5–89·0) for children aged 5–12 years.

These phase 3 clinical trial results, published by The Lancet on January 25, 2024, support current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations in typhoid-endemic areas for mass campaigns among children aged nine months to 15 years, followed by routine introduction in the first two years of life.

An estimated 11–21 million cases of typhoid fever and 5 million cases of paratyphoid fever occur worldwide each year, causing an estimated 135,000–230,000 deaths. The CDC says there are very few typhoid cases in the United States each year.

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According to new data posted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ten additional children died from influenza last week.

Six deaths were associated with influenza A viruses, such as A(H1N1).

Three deaths were associated with influenza B viruses with no lineage determined.

One pediatric death was associated with a co-infection with influenza A(H1N1) and influenza B/Victoria viruses.

As of January 26, 2024, the CDC's FluView dashboard indicates a total of 57 influenza-associated pediatric deaths have now occurred during the 2023-2024 flu season.

During the 2022-2023 flu season, 183 children died from influenza infections. The CDC has not indicated the vaccination status of the fatalities.

From an overall impact perspective, the National Center for Health Statistics reported from October 2, 2022, to September 9, 2023, of all deaths in the U.S., 9,697 (4%) of death certificates listed influenza.

While the CDC stated last Friday that key flu indicators have decreased or remained stable nationally for three weeks, there is an ample supply of flu shots (egg, cell, and nasal-based) offered at most pharmacies in the U.S. 

Over 156 million flu vaccines had been distributed during the 2023-2024 season. This decreased from the 173 million influenza vaccines distributed last flu season.

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US CDC FluView data January 26, 2024
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Project NextGen

U.S. Project NextGen For Vaccines and Therapeutics 2024

Project NextGen is a $5 billion multi-government agency initiative to develop the next generation of vaccines and therapeutics. The U.S. government (Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) announced it would collaborate with the U.S. National Institutes of Health's NIAID  across the federal government and the private sector to advance the pipeline of new, innovative vaccines and therapeutics from labs to clinical trials to potential FDA authorization, approval, and commercial availability for people nationwide.

In 2023, vaccines targeting more robust, broader, or longer-lasting immune responses were identified. Intranasal vaccines have the potential to stop viruses at the site of infection, and self-amplifying mRNA and additional antigens may generate a more robust immune response than current vaccine technologies.

The BARDA awards support vaccine candidates for clinical evaluation:

$8.5 million to CastleVax for a vector-based intranasal vaccine candidate. 

$10 million to Codagenix for a live-attenuated intranasal vaccine candidate (phase 3).

$10 million to Gritstone Bio for a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine candidate.

$9.27 million to Vaxart's Phase 2b clinical study evaluating oral pill XBB COVID-19 vaccine candidate.

Project NextGen will provide an initial $10 million and up to $389 million to support Codagenix's Phase 2b clinical study of CoviLiv™.

The $749,000 BARDA contract supports proof-of-concept studies for on-demand manufacturing and release processes that use HDT Bio's LION™ formulation for RNA vaccine production. LION is a proprietary nanoemulsion tailored for RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics production. It is designed to enable facile formulation and faster manufacturing compared to the characteristics of standard lipid nanoparticles used in existing products.

Project NextGen News

October 2, 2024 - Emergex Vaccines Holding Limited announced that the U.S. NIAID has selected the company for inclusion in its Project NextGen. Emergex's CoronaTcP candidate has demonstrated in a completed Phase I clinical trial in Switzerland to have a favorable safety profile and to successfully induce epitope-specific CD8+ memory subsets.

July 23, 2024 - BARDA will provide $25 million in Project NextGen funding to Walgreens to conduct a decentralized clinical trial. The agreement is BARDA's first with a major retail pharmacy to use this clinical trial approach.

July 1, 2024 - The U.S. NIH announced the investigational vaccine, MPV/S-2P, uses murine pneumonia virus (MPV) as a vector to deliver a version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-2P) stabilized in its prefusion conformation. MPV has aan affinity for epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract and may be effective in delivering vaccines to the places where natural coronavirus infections begin.

March 14, 2024 - The Imperial College London is leading an international consortium on a $57 million project to develop advanced virus-blocking coronavirus vaccines.

January 19, 2024 - Dr. Michael Finney, Vaxart's Interim CEO, said, "We believe our oral pill vaccine platform may ultimately hold the promise of revolutionizing how we fight pandemics and vaccinate against several infectious diseases."

January 4, 2023 - ATCC announced a five-year, $87 million award from the BARDA to support the development of next-generation medical countermeasures to protect Americans from public health security threats such as coronaviruses.

November 2, 2023 - NIH/NIAID Project NextGen selected Tonix Pharmaceuticals' TNX-1800 for Inclusion in vaccine studies.

October 13, 2023—The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced the selection of initial next-generation vaccine candidates and more than $500 million in awards for Project NextGen, which is kick-starting planning for Phase 2b clinical trials and technologies that advance innovative next-generation vaccine and therapeutics platforms.

October 10, 2023 - Ocugen, Inc. announced that the NIAID will conduct a trial comparing the administration of Ocugen's mucosal vaccine candidate, OCU500, via two different mucosal routes: inhalation into the lungs and as a nasal spray. With funding from Project NextGen, NIAID will cover the total cost of the clinical trials, including operations and related analysis.

August 10, 2023 - The Institute for Progress filed the following comment in response to BARDA's Request For Information on ways Project NextGen could ensure future COVID-19 vaccine technologies bolster preparedness against future variants.

September 26, 2023 - The U.K. Health Security Agency agreed to an advance purchase agreement with CSL Seqirus to be on standby to produce over 100 million influenza pandemic vaccines if or when needed in the U.S.

September 22, 2023 - The U.S. CDC announced the recipients of 13 funding awards to establish a first-of-its-kind national network, the Outbreak Analytics and Disease Modeling Network (OADMN). The awards, totaling $262.5 million in funding over five years, will support state and local decision-makers in developing and implementing new tools to detect, respond to, and mitigate public health emergencies more effectively.

September 13, 2023 - ICON plc announced it is partnering with BARDA, contract number 75A50120D00017, to execute a clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

March 15, 2021 - The Military Health System and Defense Health Agency granted the $72 million CDMRP PRMRP Technology/Therapeutic Development Award, a product-driven award mechanism intended to provide support for the translation of promising preclinical findings into products for clinical applications, including prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, or quality of life, in at least one of the Congressionally directed FY21 PRMRP Topic Areas.

Disease X information is posted at Precision Vax.

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Project NextGen is a U.S. government initiative to develop the next generation of vaccines and therapeutics.
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