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Marburg Virus Disease Outbreaks 2025

Marburg virus is a Filovirus disease (MVD) that causes a severe and often fatal (up to 88%) viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) infection. MVD was observed for the first time in 1967 during an outbreak in Marburg a der Lahn and Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. Twenty-nine people developed clinical signs, and seven eventually died. Before developing the disease, MVD patients directly interacted with grivets imported from Uganda or with grivet-derived tissues. 

As of December 2025, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Serbia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda have confirmed cases of MVD.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published Travel Health Notices for Ethiopia's outbreak in 2025 and a Level 3 - Practice Enhanced Precautions regarding the Republic of Rwanda's MVD outbreak on October 7, 2024. The CDC has previously issued Travel Health Advisories focused on various Marburg virus disease outbreaks and published a chronological list of known Marburg Outbreaks, titled "History of Marburg Outbreaks."

Burundi Marburg

The Republic of Burundi authorities confirmed via Twitter on March 28, 2023, the death of a third person following a mysterious illness that broke out in the northwest area. Local authorities have been ordered to prevent passengers from neighboring Tanzania from spreading Marburg disease.

Cameroon Marburg

On February 14, 2023, the Cameroon Regional Health Ministry reported two suspected MVD cases in the Olamze Commune. Cameroon previously restricted movement along the border with Equatorial Guinea, limiting the movement of populations in the area. It also activated the incident management system throughout the region.

Equatorial Guinea Marburg Outbreak

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea (EG) confirmed its first-ever outbreak of MVD on Febr20 February 3. The index case died in early January 2023. This EG outbreak was declared over on June 8, 2023. Since the outbreak declaration, 17 laboratory-confirmed cases of MVD and 12 deaths have been recorded (CFR 75%). The city of Bata in Litoral province is the most affected district, with nine laboratory-confirmed MVD cases reported. The U.S. Embassy in EG implemented a temporary policy under which official travel to the mainland region (Bata) by Embassy employees is only permitted for mission-critical needs, such as support for the MVD response.

Separately, the U.S. CDC updated its Level 2 travel advisory for EG regarding the MVD outbreak on May 12, 2023, stating, 'Reconsider non-essential travel to mainland EG.' The UK says health professionals should remain alert for travelers returning from MVD-affected areas who develop symptoms compatible with MVD. Guidance and information about high-consequence infectious diseases and their management in England, as well as additional information and advice on Marburg fever, are available from the UK. Health Security Agency.

Europe Marburg

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported on March 25, 2023, that the likelihood of exposure and infection for EU/EEA citizens traveling or residing in the affected areas in Equatorial Guinea is currently very low. The most likely route of introduction of MVD into Europe would be via infected travelers. Should a case be imported, the likelihood of the spread of MVD within Europe is considered to be very low, says the ECDC.

Gabon Marburg

The WHO Director-General stated on February 15, 2023, that the Gabonese Republic is preparing to rapidly detect, isolate, and care for suspected cases of MVD. More than 163 people have crossed the borders between Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and Gabon.

Germany Marburg Virus Event

Marburg virus disease was first detected in 1967 following outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, as well as in Serbia. The outbreak was associated with laboratory work involving green monkeys imported from Uganda.

Nigeria Marburg

The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed in late February 2023 that there is a moderate risk of importing the Marburg virus into the country. 

Rwanda Marburg Outbreak

On December 20, 2024, the WHO announced that the Marburg Virus Disease outbreak had been declared as over, no new cases had been reported over the last 42 days after following the previous patient's negative test results—the third WHO Disease Outbreak News on Marburg virus disease in Rwanda was published on November 1, 2024. As of October 31, 2024, there were 66 confirmed cases, including 15 deaths (CFR: 23%). Sabin confirmed that over 1,700 experimental vaccines had already been delivered to Rwanda during the 2024 outbreak. On September 27, 2024, the Rwanda Ministry of Health reported its first Marburg disease outbreak. 

Tanzania Marburg Outbreak

Since the declaration of the MVD outbreak in January 2025, the United Republic of Tanzania's Ministry of Health has reported an outbreak, which totaled 10 related deaths by June 2025. On January 20, 2025, the WHO and the Africa CDC received confirmation of an MVD case in the Kagera region of Tanzania. Nine suspected cases were reported across two districts – Biharamulo and Muleba. In March 2023, an MVD outbreak was declared in the Kagera region, Northwestern Tanzania. On January 23, 2025, and March 27, 2023, the U.S. CDC issued a Watch—Level 1 Practice Usual Precautions, stating that Tanzania had confirmed an MVD outbreak. To ensure that health systems fully recover from the effects of the epidemic and stay alert against future outbreaks, the WHO has developed the 90-day Post MVD Recovery Operational Plan and is also supporting the Ministry of Health in developing the National 90-day Post MVD Recovery Plan. 

Uganda Marburg Risk

Screening of travelers commenced at Kikagate Point of Entry in Isingiro District on March 27, 2023.

Marburg Virus Testing

Testing for Marburg virus and other causes of viral hemorrhagic fevers is available at the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, and within the Laboratory Response Network (LRN).

Marburg Disease Vaccine Candidates

As of April 2025, the African CDC, the U.S. FDA, nd the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have not approved any Marburg vaccine candidate.

Norovirus Vaccine Candidate October 2025

While vaccines against Human norovirus (HuNoVs) disease are in demand, developing a broadly effective vaccine remains challenging in 2025, owing to the vast genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses, which have multiple co-circulating variants of different genotypes. As of October 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the U.K. had not approved a norovirus vaccine, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has not pre-qualified any norovirus vaccine.

Norovirus Vaccine Candidates

JAMA published a news article on a norovirus vaccine on July 25, 2025, summarizing current development efforts.

Research Article published in March 2025; Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting pandemic GII.4 variants or seven GII genotypes of human norovirus demonstrate that norovirus human monoclonal antibodies with broad GII.4 potency and cross-GII breadth can be boosted in serum after immunization with an adenoviral vector–based vaccine, findings that may guide the design of immunogens for broadly protective norovirus vaccines.

Vaxart Inc.'s orally administered bivalent GI.1/GII.4 norovirus oral vaccine candidate showed robust, antigen-specific responses in the nasal cavity following oral administration in a phase 1b study in 2025. In May 2025, a phase 2b randomized, placebo-controlled vaccination and challenge study to assess the safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, and correlates of protection of VXA-G1.1-NN, an oral tablet norovirus vaccine. VXA-G1.1-NN was found to be safe and well-tolerated, conferred protection against norovirus GI.1 challenge, and reduced viral shedding in stool and emesis. The vaccine candidate was immunogenic and protected against norovirus infection, with a 30% relative reduction in the vaccine group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.003).

Moderna Inc. is developing two multivalent virus-like particle vaccines, mRNA-1403 (trivalent) and mRNA-1405 (pentavalent), to prevent norovirus infections. The Nova 301 Phase 3 trial is a randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of mRNA-1403. In 2025, Moderna announced the US FDA placed a clinical hold following a single adverse event report of a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome, which is currently under investigation. The Company does not expect an impact on the study's efficacy readout timeline, as enrollment in the Northern Hemisphere has already been completed. The timing of the Phase 3 readout will be dependent on case accruals.

HilleVax HIL-214 was a bivalent vaccine candidate in development for preventing moderate to severe acute gastroenteritis. HilleVax's HIL-216 hexavalent virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate for norovirus includes VLPs for six of the most common norovirus genotypes, including GI.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared an Investigational New Drug application for HIL-216 in September 2023. Vaccine development was discontinued in 2024.

Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd. is conducting a Phase 1/2a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a tetravalent recombinant Norovirus vaccine at various doses. This candidate utilizes the Pichia pastoris expression system, which enables the production of virus-like particles (VLPs) recombinant engineered bacteria for expressing norovirus epidemic strains, which are then cultured.

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. has dosed the first subjects in a Phase 1 clinical trial of its oral, first-in-class pan-norovirus and pan-coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitor, CDI-988, on September 29, 2023. Recent CDI-988 in vitro studies have demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a panel of pandemic GII.4 norovirus proteases, along with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile that targets the gastrointestinal tract. 

Norovirus Treatment 2025

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. announced on January 8, 2025, favorable safety and tolerability results at doses of up to 800 mg per day for 10 consecutive days from the multiple-ascending dose portion of its ongoing Phase 1 study with its oral protease inhibitor, CDI-988. CDI-988 is the first pan-viral drug candidate in development for the orally administered treatment of norovirus and coronavirus infections. 

Travelan® is an orally administered passive immunotherapy that prophylactically reduces the likelihood of contracting travelers' diarrhea. In Australia, Travelan® is a listed medicine on the Australian Register for Therapeutic Goods. It is antimicrobial and indicated to reduce the risk of Travelers' Diarrhea and minor gastrointestinal disorders. In Canada, Travelan® is a licensed natural health product that reduces the risk of Travelers' Diarrhea. In the U.S., Travelan® is sold as a dietary supplement for digestive tract protection.

Norovirus Outbreaks

Based on CaliciNet Data, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC published the Norovirus Outbreak Map in 2025. The Wastewater SCAN Norovirus map is updated in 2025. The CDC also posts national trends for Norovirus. Approximately 2,500 reported norovirus outbreaks occur in the United States each year. In 2019, norovirus infections resulted in approximately 5.5 million illnesses and 22,400 hospitalizations.

Norovirus Cruise Ship Outbreaks

The U.S. CDC and the U.K. identified norovirus outbreaks and issued ts for the cruise ship industry in 2025. Eighteen potential norovirus outbreaks were reported in 2025; twelve occurred on cruise ships in 2024 and 2023. A University of Surrey–led research team identified cruise ship dining areas as priorities for preventing disease outbreaks.